Biología de los anfibios y reptiles en el bosque seco tropical del norte de Colombia.

Al Tawaha, A.R., Turk, M., Abu-Zaitoon, Y., Ala-daileh, S., Alrawashdeh, I., Alnaimat, S., Al-Tawaha, A., Aludatt, M., Wedyan, M. (2017): Plants adaptation to drought environment. Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science 23: 381-388.

Banda, K., Delgado-Salinas, A., Dexter, K. G., Li-nares-Palomino, R., Oliveira-Filho, A., Prado, D., Pennington, R. T. (2016): Plant diversity patterns in neotropical dry forests and their conservation implications. Science 353: 1383-1387. doi: 10.1126/science.aaf5080

Becerra, J.X. (2005): Timing the origin and expan-sion of the Mexican tropical dry forest. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102: 10919-10923.

Becerra, C., Méndez, A. (1990): Contribución al es-tudio de la flora del Municipio de Ráquira (Boyacá). Tesis inédita de pregrado. De-partamento de Biología. Universidad Na-cional de Colombia. Bogotá.

Bedoya-Cañón, M.A., Muñoz-Avila, J.A., Var-gas-Salinas, F. (2018a): Morphology and natural history of the mud turtle Kinosternon scorpioides scorpioides in populations of northern Colombia. Herpetological Re-view 49: 210-214.

Bedoya-Cañón, M.A., Muñoz-Avila, J.A., Var-gas-Salinas, F. (2018b): Tortugas Tapa-culo y Morrocoy. Amigas para conocer y conservar. Cartilla de educación ambiental, ECOPETROL-UPTC.

Calow, P. (1999): Blackwell’s concise encyclopedia of ecology. Blackwell Sciences.

Cano, M.A., Sarmiento, F. (1997): Contribución al estudio de la vegetación montana seca de la Sabana de Bogotá, Región Mondoñedo, Municipio de Mosquera. Diógenes 4: 182.

Carbonó-Delahoz, E., García, H. (2010): La vegetación terrestre en la ensenada de Neguanje, parque nacional natural Tayrona (Magda-lena, Colombia).

Caldasia 32: 235-256.Castillo-Campos, G., Halffter, G., Moreno, C. (2008): Primary and secondary vegetation patches as contributors to floristic diversi-ty in a tropical deciduous forest landscape. Biodiversity and Conservation 17: 1701-1714.

Collin, P.H. (1988): Dictionary of ecology and the environment. Peter Collin Publishing.Cuadros, H. (1996): Vegetación caribeña. En Caribe Colombia. FEN, Colombia, Bogotá: 67-84.

Dennis, R.L.H. (2003): Towards a functional resource-based concept for habitat: a butterfly biology viewpoint. OIKOS 10: 417-426.

Dennis, R.L.H., Shreeve, T.G. (1996): Butterflies on British and Irish offshore islands. Gem Pu-blisching Company.

Díaz-Pérez, C.N. (2012): Análisis florístico y fitogeográfico de la cuenca baja del cañón del río Suárez (Santander, Colombia). Tesis maestría. Universidad Nacional de Colombia.

Etter, A., McAlpine, C., Possingham, H. (2008): Historical patterns and drivers of lands-cape change in Colombia since 1500: A Regionalized Spatial Approach. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 98: 2-23.

García-G., J., Rivera-D., O. (2009): Composición florística del bosque del Agüil (Aguachica, Cesar) con anotaciones sobre su estructura. En: J.O. Rangel-Ch (Ed). Colombia Diversidad Biótica VIII. Media y baja monaña de la Serranía de Perijá. Instituto de Ciencias Naturales- Corpocesar: 575-601. Bogotá. D.C.

García, H., Corzo, G., Isaac, P., Etter, A. (2014): Distribución y estado actual de los remanen-tes del bioma de bosque seco tropical en Colombia: Insumos para su conservación. En: El Bosque Seco Tropical En Colombia, p. 228-251. Pizano, C., García, H., (Eds). Bogotá, D.C., Colombia, Instituto de Inves-tigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt.

González-M., R., López-Camacho, R. (2012): Catálogo de las plantas vasculares de Ráquira (Boyacá), flora andina en un enclave seco de Colombia. Colombia Forestal 15: 55-103.

Hall, L.S., Krausman, P.R., Morrison, M.L. (1997): The habitat concept and a plea for standard terminology. Wildlife Society Bulletin 25: 173-182.

Herazo-Vitola, F., Mendoza-Cifuentes, H., Merca-do-Gómez, J. (2017): Estructura y composición florística del bosque seco tropical en los Montes de María (Sucre – Colombia). Ciencia en Desarrollo 8: 71-82.

Instituto Alexander von Humboldt (1997): Caracterización ecológica de cuatro remanentes de bosque seco de la región Caribe colombiana Villa de Leyva: Grupo de Exploraciones y Monitoreo Ambiental GEMA.

Janzen, D.H. (1988): Tropical dry forest: the most endangered major tropical ecosystem. En: Wilson EO. (Ed) Biodiversity. Washington D.C: National Academy Press.

Linares-Palomino, R. (2006): Phytogeography and floristics of seasonally dry tropical forests in Peru. En: Pennington RT., Lewis GP y Ratter JA. (Eds). Neotropical savannas and seasonally dry forests plant diversity, bio-geography, and conservation, CRC Press.

Linares-Palomino, R., Oliveira-Filho, A.T., Penning-ton, R.T.(2011): Neotropical seasonally dry forests: Diversity, endemism, and biogeography of woody plants. I.E: Seasonally dry tropical forests: Ecology and Conservation, p. 3-21. Dirzo, R., Young, H.S., Mooney, H.A., Ceballos, G. (Eds). Island Press/Center for Resource Economics.

Lincoln, R.J., Boxshall, G.A., Clark, P.F. (1982): A dictionary of ecology, evolution and systematics. Cambridge University Press.

López, C.R., Sarmiento, C., Espitia, L., Barrero, A.M., Consuegra, C., Gallego, C.B. (2016): 100 plantas del Caribe colombiano: Usar para conservar: aprendiendo de los habitantes del bosque seco. Fondo Patrimonio Natural, Bogotá D.C. Colombia.

Lozano-C., G. (1984): Comunidades vegetales del flanco norte del cerro “El Cielo” y la flora vascular del Parque Nacional Tayrona (Magdalena, Colombia). En: Hammen VD & Ruíz, (Eds). La Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (Colombia) Transecto Buritacala Cumbre. En estudios de Ecosistemas Tropandinos. Berlín: J Cramer.

Lozano-C., G. (1986): Comparación Florística del Parque Nacional Natural Tayrona, La Gua-jira y La Macuira-Colombia y los Médanos de Coro-Venezuela. Mutisia 67: 1-26.

Mendoza-C., H. (1999): Estructura y riqueza florística del bosque seco tropical en la región Caribe y el valle del río Magdalena, Colombia. Caldasia 21: 70-94.

Mercado-Gómez, J., Escalante, T. (2018): Areas of endemism of the Neotropical species of Capparaceae. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society: 1-14.

Morales Betancourt, M.A., Páez, V.P., Lasso, C.A. (2015): Conservación de las Tortugas Con-tinentales de Colombia: Evaluación 2012-2013 y Propuesta 2015-2020. Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, Asociación Colombiana de Herpetología y Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible, Bogotá.

Murphy, P.G., Lugo, A.E. (1986): Ecology of tropical dry forest. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 17: 67-88.

Murphy, P.G., Lugo, A.E. (1995): Dry forests of Central America and the Caribbean. En: Bullock SH., Mooney HA y Medina E, (Eds). Seasonally Dry Tropical Forests, vol. 85. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Odum, E.P. (1963): Ecology. Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

Olascuaga, D., Mercado-Gómez, J. (2016): Análisis de la vegetación sucesional en un fragviejo-Sucre (Colombia). Colombia Forestal 19: 23-40.

Olson, D., Dinerstein, E., Wikramanayake, E., Burgess, N., Powell, G., Underwood, E., D’Amico, J., Itoua, I., Strand, H., Morri-son, J., Loucks, C., Allnutt, T., Ricketts, T., Kura, Y., Lamoreux, J., Wettengel, W., Hedao, P., Kassem, K. (2001): Te-rrestrial ecoregions of the world: a new map of life on Earth. Bioscience 51: 933-938.

Paternina Cruz, R.F. (2016): Estrategia de termorregulación y riesgo de extinción de Atractus crassicaudatus (Squamata: Dipsadidae) asociado al calentamiento global. Tesis maestría. Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Biología. Universidad Nacional de Colombia.

Pennington, R.T., Lavin, M., Oliveira-Filho, A. (2009): Woody plant diversity, evolution, and ecology in the tropics: Perspectives from seasonally dry tropical forests. An-nual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 40: 437-457.

Pennington, R.T., Lavin, M., Prado, D.E., Pendry, C.A., Pell, S.K., Butterworth, C.A. (2004): Historical climate change and speciation: neotropical seasonally dry forest plants show patterns of both Tertiary and Qua-ternary diversification. Philosophical Tran-sactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B 359: 515-538.

Pennington, R.T., Lavin, M., Särkinen, T., Lewis, G.P., Klitgaard, B.B., Hughes, C.E. (2010): Contrasting plant diversification histories within the Andean biodiversity hotspot. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107: 13783-13787.

Peñaloza, G. (2001): Flórula del enclave árido de la región del Chechua (Suesca-Nemocón, Cundinamarca). Tesis inédita de pregrado. Bogotá: Universidad Nacional de Colombia.

Pizano, C., García H. (2014): El bosque seco tropical en Colombia. Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt. Bogotá, D.C.

Pizano, C., González, R., González, M., Castro-Lima, R., Rodríguez, N., Idárraga, A., Vargas, W., Vergara-Varela, H., Castaño-Naranjo, A., Devia, W., Rojas, A., Cuadros, H. Laza-ro-Toro, J. (2014): Plantas de los bosques secos de Colombia. En: Pizano C & García H., (Eds). El bosque seco tropical en Colombia. Bogotá, DC: Instituto de Investigaciones Alexander von Humbolt.

Prance, G.T. (2006): Tropical savannas and seasonally dry forests: an introduction. Journal of Biogeography 33: 385-386.

Quesada, M., Sanchez-Azofeifa, G.A., Alva-rez-Añorve, M., Stoner, K.E., Avila-Cabadilla, L., Calvo-Alvarado, J., Castillo, A., Espirito-Santo, M.M., Fagundes, M., Fernandes, G.W., Gamon, J., Lopezaraiza-Mikel, M., Lawrence, D., Morellato, L.P.C., Powers, J.S., Neves, F.S., Rosas-Guerrero, V., Sayago, R., Sanchez-Montoya, G. (2009): Succession and management of tropical dry forests in the Americas: review and new perspectives. Forest Ecology and Management 258: 1014–1024.

Rangel-Ch, J.O. (2012): La vegetación de la región Caribe de Colombia: Composición florística y aspectos de la estructura. 365-476 p. Colombia Diversidad Biótica XII: La región Caribe de Colombia. Rangel-Ch., J.O. (Ed). Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, D.C.

Rangel-Ch, J.O., Jaramillo-J., A., Parra, L.N., Ri-vera, O., Rocha, M., Álvarez, J.P., García, Y., Amat, G., Arellano-P., H., Avella-M., A., Carvajal-C., J., Galvis, G., Cortés, D., Moreno, C., López, Y., Morales, I., Rome-ro, I., Ávila, S., Estupiñán, M., Delgado, P. & Ardila, M. (2012): Colombia Diversidad Biótica. Publicación Especial No. 7. Las Ciénagas del departamento del Cesar: Zapatosa y ciénagas del sur, Biodiversidad y Conservación. Rangel-Ch., J.O. (Ed). Corpocesar – Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, D.C.

Rey-Sabogal, C. (2013): Análisis espacial de la correlación entre cultivo de palma de aceite y desplazamiento forzado en Colombia. Cuadernos de Economía 32: 683-718.

Rieger, W. (1976): Vegetationskundliche unteruchungen auf Guajira-Halbinsel (Nor-dost-Kolumbien) Geographischen Institut der Justus Liebig - Universitat GieBen: Alemania.

Rivera-D, O., Rangel-Ch, J.O. (2012): Diversidad de espermatófitos de la región Caribe Co-lombiana. 199-317 p. Colombia Diversidad Biótica XII: La región Caribe de Colombia. Rangel-Ch., J.O. (Ed). Instituto de Cien-cias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, D.C.

Rodríguez, G.M. (2001): Inventario florístico del bosque seco tropical (bs–T) en la hacienda ‘El Ceibal’, Santa Catalina (Bolívar), con énfasis en las especies asociadas a la dieta del títi cabeciblanco (Sanguinus oedipus). Trabajo de grado. Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Bogotá.

Sampedro, M.A., Gómez, F.H., Ballut, D.G. (2014): Estado de la vegetación en localidades abandonadas por “desplazamiento”, en los montes de María Sucre, Colombia RECIA 6: 184-193.

Sudgen, A.M., Robins, R.J. (1979): Aspects of the ecology of vascular epiphytes in Colombia could forest, I. the distribution of the epiphitic flora. Biotropica 11: 175 - 188.

Sugden, A.M., Forero, E. (1982): Catálogo de las plantas vasculares de la Guajira con comentarios sobre la vegetación de la Serranía de la Macuira. Colombia Geográfica (Revista IGAC) 10: 23-75.

Torres, G., A.M., Adarve, J.B., Cárdenas, M., Var-gas, J.A., Londoño, V., Rivera, K., Home, J., Duque, O.L., González, A.M. (2012): Dinámica sucesional de un fragmento de bosque seco tropical del Valle del Cauca, Colombia. Biota Colombiana 13: 66-84.

Weddell, B.J. (2002): Conserving living natural re-sources. Cambridge University Press.

Werneck, F.P., Costa, G.C., Colli, G.R., Prado, D.E., Sites, Jr. J.W. (2011): Revisiting the historical dis-tribution of Seasonally Dry Tropical Forests: new insights based on palaeodistribution modelling and palynological evidence. Global Ecology and Biogeography 20: 272-288.

Willis, C.G., Franzone, B.F., Xi, Z., Davis, C.C. (2014): The establishment of Central American migratory corridors and the biogeographic origins of seasonally dry tropical forests in Mexico. Frontiers in Genetics 5: 1-14.

Acevedo-Rincón, A.A., Franco R., Silva Pérez, K. (2014): Geographic distribution: Caecilia subnigricans (Magdalena Valley Caecilian). Herpetological Review 45: 456.

Acosta-Galvis, A.R. (2012a): Anfibios de los enclaves secos en la ecorregión de La Tatacoa y su área de inpuencia, alto Magdalena, Colombia. Biota Colombiana 13: 182-210.

Acosta-Galvis, A.R. (2012b): Anfibios de los en-claves secos del área de impudencia de los Montes de María y la Ciénaga de La Caimanera en el departamento de Sucre, Colombia. Biota Colombiana 13: 211-231.

Acosta-Galvis, A.R. (2017): Lista de los Anfibios de Colombia: Referencia en línea V.07.2017.0 (12 de julio de 2018). KttpZZZ.batracKia.com; Batrachia, Villa de Leyva, Boyacá, Colombia.Anganoy-Criollo, M.A. (2012): A new species of lobates (Anura, Dendrobatidae) from the western pant of the Serranía de Perijá, Colombia. Zootaxa 3308: 49–62.

Angarita-M.O., Montes-Correa, C.A., Renjifo, J.M. (2015): Amphibians and reptiles of an agroforestry system in the Colombian Ca-ribbean. Amphibian & Reptile Conservation 8: 33-52.

Barrio-Amorós, C.L. 1999 (k1998y): Sistemática y biogeograIía de los anfibios (Amphibia) de Venezuela/Systematics and biogeography of the amphibians (Amphibia) of Venezuela. Acta Biológica Venezuelica 18: 1–93.

Batsch, A.J.G.C. (1796): Umriss der gesammten Na-turgeschichte: ein Auszug aus den frühern Handbüchern des Verfassers für seine Vor-Trachycephalus typhoniusfesungen. Jena & Leipzig: Christian Ernst Gabler.

Benton, M.J. (1990): Phylogeny of the major tetra-pod groups: morphological data and divergence dates. Journal of Molecular Evolution 30: 409-424.

Bernal, M.H., Lynch, J.D. (2008): Review and analysis of altitudinal distribution of the Andean anurans in Colombia. Zootaxa 1826: 1-25.

Blanco-Torres, A., Báez, L., Patiño-Flores, E., Renjifo, J.M. (2013): Herpetofauna del valle medio del río Ranchería, La Guajira, Colombia. Revista Biodiversidad Neotropical 3: 113-122.

Bortolus, A. (2008): Error cascades in the biological sciences: the unwanted consequences of using bad taxonomy in ecology. AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment 37: 114-118.

Burbano-Girón, J. (2013): Modelamiento de la dispersión de Atelinos (Atelinae) a través de escenarios de cambio climático y Fragmentación de hábitat en Colombia. Implicaciones en la conservación para la persistencia de las especies a futuro. Trabajo de Maestría en Ciencias Biología. Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá.

Cáceres-Andrade, S., Urbina-Cardona, J.N. (2009): Ensamblajes de anuros de sistemas productivos y bosques en el piedemonte llanero, departamento del Meta, Colombia. Caldasia 31: 175-194.

Camargo, A., de Sá, R.O., Heyer, :.R. (2006): Phylogenetic analyses of medic sequences reveal three cryptical lineages in the widespread neotropical frog leptodactylous Iuscus (Schneider, 1799) (Anura, Lepto-dactylidae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 87: 325-341.

Cárdenas-Bautista, J., Morales-Castaño, I. T., Carvajal-Cogollo, J. E. (2012): Escara-bajos coprófagos (Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) en dos fragmentos de bosque y su matriz circundante en el caribe colombiano. Págs. 821-831. En: Rangel-Ch, J.O. (Ed). Colombia Diversidad Biótica XII: La región Caribe de Colombia. Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Bogotá, Colombia.

Carroll, R. L. (2007): The Palaeozoic ancestry of salamanders, frogs and caecilians. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 150: 1-140.

Castroviejo-Fisher, S., Padial, J.M., De la Riva, I., Pombal, J.P., Da Silva, H.R., Rojas-Run-jaic, J.M., Medina-Méndez, E., Frost, D.R. (2015): Phylogenetic systematics of egg-brooding frogs (Anura: Hemiphractidae) and the evolution of direct development. Zootaxa 4004: 1–75.

Cole, C.J., Townsend, C.R., Reynolds, R.P., MacCulloch, R.D., Lanthrop, A. (2013): Amphibians and reptiles of Guyana, South America: illustrated keys, annotated species accounts, and a biogeographic synopsis. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 125: 317–578.

Coloma, L.A., Frenkel, C., Félix-Novoa, C., Pazmiño-Armijos, G. (2016): 5ana Yaillanti. En: Ron, S.R., Guayasamin, J.M., Yanez-Mu-ñoz, M.H., Merino-Viteri, A., Ortiz, D.A., Nicolalde, D.A. (2016): Amphibia:ebE-cuador. Versión 2016.0. Museo de Zoo-logía, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador.

Cope, E.D. (1865): Sketch of the primary groups of Batrachia Salientia. Natural History Review 5: 97–120.Cuentas, M., Borja, A., Lynch, J.D., Renjifo, J.M. (2002): Anuros del Departamento del Atlántico y Norte de Bolívar. Barranquilla, Colombia.

de Sá, R.O., Grant, T., Camargo, A., Heyer, :.R., Ponssa, M.L., Stanley, E.L. (2014): Systematics of the Neotropical genus leptodactylous Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactyli dae): phylogeny, the relevance of non-molecular evidence, and species accounts. South American Journal of Herpetology 9: S1–S128.

Downie, J.R. (1996): A new example of female pa-rental behaviour in leptodactylus Yalidus, a IrogoI the leptodactylid kmelanonotus” species group. Herpetological Journal 6: 32-34.

Duellman, E. (2001): Hylid Frogs of Middle America. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles SSAR. Natural History Museum of the University of Kansas, Ithaca.

Duellman, W. E., Trueb L. (1986): Biology of Amphibians, McGraw-Hill Co, Baltimore.

Duellman, W. E., Wiens J.J. (1993): Hylid frogs of the genus Scinax Wagler, 1830, in amazonian Ecuador and Peru. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Natural History University of Kansas 153: 1–57.

Duellman, W.E., Lizana, M. (1994): Biology of a sit-and-wait predator, the leptodactylid frog Ceratophrys cornuta. Herpetological 50: 51–64.

Duellman, W.E., Marion, A.B., Hedges, S.B. (2016): Phylogenetics, classification, and biogeography of the treefrogs (Amphibia: Anura: Arboranae). Zootaxa 4104: 1–109.

Dueñez-Gómez, F., Muñoz-Guerrero, J., Ra-mírez-Pinilla, M.P. (2004): Herpetofauna del corregimiento Botillero (El Banco, Magdalena) en la depresión Momposina de la región Caribe colombiana. Actualidades Biológicas 26: 161-170.

Dunn, E.R. (1942): The American caecilians. Bulletin of Museum of Comparative Zoology. Cam-bridge, Massachusettes 91: 437-540.

Estupiñán, R.A., Ferrari, S.F., Gonçalves, E.C., Bar-bosa, M.S.R., Vallinoto, M., Scheneider, M.P.C. (2016): Evaluating the diversity of Neotropical anurans using DNA barcodes. ZooKeys 637: 89-106.

Etter, A., McAlpine, C., Possingham, H. (2008): A historical analysis of the spatial and temporal drivers of landscape change in Colombia since 1500. Annals of the As-sociation of American Geographers 98: 2-23.

Fabrezi, M. (2006): Morphological evolution of Ceratophryinae (Anura, Neobatrachia). Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research 44: 153-166.Fabrezi, M. (2011): Heterochrony in growth and development in anurans from the Chaco of South America. Evolutionary Biology 38: 390-411.

Fabrezi, M., Quinzio, S.I. (2008): Morphological evolution in Ceratophryinae frogs (Anura, Neobatrachia): the effects of heterochronic changes during larval development and metamorphosis. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 154: 752-780.

Fabrezi, M., Lobo, F.J. (2009): Hyoid skeleton, related muscles, and morphological novelties in the frog Lepidobatrachus (Anura, Ceratophryidae). The Anatomical Record 292: 1700-1712.

Fabrezi, M., Cruz, J.C. (2014): Ontogeny of the thyroid glands during larval development of South American horned frogs (Anura, Ceratoprhyidae). Evolutionary Biology 41: 606–618.

Faivovich, J., Haddad, C.F.B., Baêta, D., Jun-gfer, K.H., Álvares, G.F.R., Brandão, R.A., Sheil, C. A., Barrientos, L.S., Barrio-Amorós, C.L., Cruz, C.A.G., Wheeler, W.C. (2010): The phylogenetic relations-hips of the charismatic poster frogs, Phyllomedusinae (Anura, Hylidae). Cladistics 26: 227–261.

Faivovich, J., Nicoli, L., Blotto, B.L., Pereyra, M.O., Baldo, D., Barrionuevo, J.S., Fabrezi, M., Wild, E.R., Haddad, C.F.B. (2014): Big, bad, and beautiful: phylogenetic relations-hips of the horned frogs (Anura: Cerato-phryidae). South American Journal of Her-petology 9: 207-227.

Fouquet, A., Vences, M., Salducci, M.D; Meyer, A., Marty, C., Blanc, M., Gilles, A. (2007): Revealing cryptic diversity using molecular phylogenetics and phylogeography in frogs of the Scinax ruber and Rhinella margaritifera species groups. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 43: 567–582.

Fouquet, A., Blotto, B.L., Maronna, M.M., Verdade, V.K., Juncá, F.A., de Sá, R.O., Rodrigues, M.T. (2013): Unexpected phylogenetic positions of the genera Rupirana and Crossodactylodes reveal insights into the biogeography and reproductive evolution of leptodactylid frogs. Molecular Phyloge-netics and Evolution 67: 445–457.

Frost, D.R. (2018): Amphibian species of the world: an online reference. American Museum of Natural History, USA. http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.html. Consultado en Marzo de 2018.

Frost, D.R., Grant, T., Faivovich J., Brain, R.H., Haas, A., Haddad, C.F.B., de Sá, R.O., Chan-ning, R., Wilkinson, M., Donnellan, S.C., Raxworthy, C.J., Campbell, J.A., Blotto, B.L., Moler, P.E., Drewes, R.C., Nussbaum, R.A., Lynch, J.D., Green, D.M., Wheeler, W.C (2006): The amphibian tree of life. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 297: 1–297.

Funk, W.C., Caminer, M., Ron, S.R. (2012): High levels of cryptic species diversity uncovered in Amazonian frogs. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 279: 1806–1814.

Gorzula, S.J., Señaris, J.C. 1999 (“1998”): Contribution to the herpetofauna of the Venezuelan Guayana I. A data base. Scientia Guaianae.

Granda-Rodríguez, H.D., Saboyá-Acosta, L.P., del Portillo-Mozo, A., Renjifo. J.M. (2014): Range extension of dendrobatid frog Co-lostethus ruthveni Kaplan, 1997 (Anura: Dendrobatidae) in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia. Check List 10: 674–676.

Grant, T., Frost, D.R., Caldwell, J.O., Gagliardo, R., Haddad, C.F.B., Kok, P.J.R., Means, D.B., Noonan, B.P., Schargel, W.E., Wheeler, W.C. (2006): Phylogenetic systematics of dart-poison frogs and their relatives (Amphibia: Athesphatanura: Dendrobatidae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 299: 1–262.

Gray, J.E. (1825): A synopsis of the genera of rep-tiles and Amphibia, with a description of some new species. Annals of Philosophy 10: 193–217.

Guarnizo, C.E., Paz, A., Muñoz-Ortiz, A., Flechas, S.V., Méndez-Narváez, J., Crawford, A.J. (2016): DNA barcoding survey of anurans across the eastern cordillera of Colombia and the impact of the Andes on cryptic diversity. PLoS ONE 10: e0127312.

Günther, A.C.L.G. (1858): On the systematic arrangement of the tailless batrachians and the structure of Rhinophrynus dorsalis. Proce-edings of the Zoological Society of London 1858: 339–352.

Hedges, S.B., Maxson L.R. (1993): A Molecular perspective on Lissamphibian phylogeny. Herpetological Monographs 7: 27-42.

Hedges, S.B., Duellman, W.E., Heinicke, M.P. (2008): New world direct-developing frogs (Anura: Terrarana): molecular phylogeny, classification, biogeography, and conservation. Zootaxa 1737: 1–182.

Hedges, S. B., Moberg K. D., Maxson L. R. (1990): Tetrapod phylogeny inferred from 18S and 28S ribosomal RNA sequences and a review of the evidence for amniote relationships, Molecular Biology and Evolution 7: 607-633.

Hedges, S.B., Nussbaum, R.A., Maxson, L.R. (1993). Caecilian phylogeny and biogeography inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences of the 12S rRNA and 16S rRNA genes (Amphibia: Gymnophiona). Herpetological Monographs 7: 64–76.Henderson, R.W., Powell, R. (2009): Natural History of West Indian Reptiles and Amphibians. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.

Heyer, R., Donnelly, M., McDiarmid, R., Hayek, L., Mercedes, F. (2001): Medición y Monito-reo de la Diversidad Biológica, Métodos Estandarizados para Anfibios. Editorial Universitaria de la Patagonia, Argentina.

Iordansky, N.N. (1996): Evolution of the muscula-ture of the jaw apparatus in the Amphibia. Advances in Amphibian Research in the Former Soviet Union 1: 3–26.

Jenkins, P.A., Walsh, D.M. (1993): An early Jurassic caecilian with limbs. Nature 365: 246–250.

Köhler, G. (2011): Amphibians of Central America. Herpeton. Offenbach, Germany.

Laurenti, J. N. (1768): Specimen Medicum, Exhibens Synopsin Reptilium Emendatum cum Ex-perimentis Circa Venena et Antidota Reptilium Austriacorum. Wien, Austria: Joan. Thom. nob. de Trattner.

Lever, C. (2001): The Cane Toad. The History and Ecology of a Successful Colonist. Westbury Academic and Scientific Publishing.Lötters, S. (1996): The Neotropical toad genus Atelopus: Checklist, Biology, Distribution. M. Vences & F. Glaw Verlags GbR. Köln, Germany.

Lötters, S., Jungfer, K., Henkel, F.W., Schmidt, W. (2007): Poison Frogs. Biology, Species and Captive Husbandry. Edition Chimaira. Frankfurt.Lynch, J.D. (1999): Una aproximación a las cu-lebras ciegas de Colombia (Amphibia: Gymnophiona). Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales 23: 317-337.

Lynch, J. D. (2006): The tadpoles of frogs and toads found in the lowlands of northern Colombia. Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias, Físicas y Naturales 30: 443–457.

Lynch, J.D., Arroyo, S.B. (2009): Risks to Colombian amphibian fauna from cultivation of coca (Erythroxylum coca): a geographical analysis. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental. Health A 72: 974–985.

Lynch, J.D., Suárez-Mayorga, A.M. (2001): The distributions of the gladiator frogs (Hyla boans group) in Colombia, with comments on size variation and sympatry. Caldasia 23: 491–507.

Lynch, J.D., Ruiz-Carranza, P.M., Ardila-Robayo, M.C. (1997): Biogeographic patterns of Colombian frogs and toads. Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales 21: 237-248.

McClanahan, L.L., Ruibal, R., Shoemaker, V.H. (1983): Rate of cocoon formation and its physiological correlates in a cerato-phryid frog. Physiological Zoology 56: 430–435.

Medina-Rangel, G.F., Cárdenas-Arévalo, G., Castaño-Mora, O.V. (2011): Anfibios y Reptiles de los alrededores del complejo cenagoso de Zapatosa, departamento del Cesar, Colombia. Colombia Diversidad Biótica. Publicación Especial No. 1. Grupo de Bio-diversidad y Conservación, Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia-CorpoCesar, Bogotá.

Mendelson, J. R., Da Silva, H.R., Maglia, A.M. (2000): Phylogenetic relationships among marsupial frog genera (Anura: Hylidae: Hemiphractinae) based on evidence from morphology and natural history. Zoolo-gical Journal of the Linnean Society 128: 125–148.

Moreno-Arias, R.A., Medina-Rangel, G.F., Carvajal-Cogollo, J.E., Castaño-Mora, O.V. (2009): Herpetofauna de la Serranía de Perijá. Págs. 449-470. En: Rangel-Ch, J.O. (Ed). Colombia Diversidad Biótica VIII: Media y Baja Montaña de la Serranía de Perijá. Instituto de Ciencias Naturales - Universidad Nacional de Colombia-Corpo-Cesar, Bogotá.

Murphy, J.C., Sierra, T.A., Downie, J.R., Jowers, M.J. (2017): Toads, tall mountains and taxonomy: the Rhinellagranulosa group (Am-phibia: Anura: Bufonidae) on both sides of the Andes. Salamandra 53: 267-278.

Narvaes, P., Rodrigues, M.T. (2009): Taxonomic re-vision of Rhinella granulosa species group (Amphibia, Anura, Bufonidae), with a description of a new species. Arquivos de Zoologia 40: 1–73.

Nieto, M.J. (1999): Estudio preliminar de las especies del género Scinax (Amphibia: Anura: Hylidae) en Colombia. Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales 23: 339-346.

Noble, G.K. (1927): The value of life history data in the study of the evolution of the Amphi-bia. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 30: 31–128.

Noss, R.F. (1990): Indicators for monitoring biodi-versity: a hierarchical model. Conservation Biology 4: 355-364.

Orrico, V.G.D., Nunes, I., Mattedi, C., Fouquet, A., Lemos, A.W., Rivera-Correa, M., Lyra, M. L., Loebmann, D., Pimenta, B.V.S., Ca-ramaschi, U., Rodrigues, M.T., Haddad, C.F.B. (2017): Integrative taxonomy su-pports the existence of two distinct spe-cies within Hypsiboas crepitans (Anura: Hylidae). Salamandra 53: 99–113.

Ortiz, D.A., Alemida-Reinoso, D.P., Coloma, L.A. (2013): Notes on husbandry, reproduc-tion and development in the Pacific hor-ned frog Ceratophrys stolzmanni (Anu-ra:Ceratophryidae), with comments on its amplexus. International Zii Yearbook 47: 151-162.

Ospina-Sarria, J.J., Angarita-Sierra, T., Pedro-za-Banda, R. (2015): A new species of Craugastor (Anura: Craugastoridae) from the Magdalena River Valley, Colombia, with evaluation of the characters used to identify species of the Craugastor fitzingerigroup. South American Journal of Herpe-tology 10: 165–177.

Ossa, J., Contreras-Gutiérrez, J.C. (2012): Comportamientos conspicuos de Dendrobates (Cope, 1861) en cautiverio. Mu-nibe 60: 101-111.Padial, J.M., Grant, T., Frost, D.R. (2014): Molecular systematics of terraranas (Anura: Brachy-cephaloidea) with an assessment of the effects of alignment and optimality criteria. Zootaxa 3825: 1–132.

Paternina-H, A., Carvajal-Cogollo, J.E., Medi-na-Rangel, G.F. (2013): Anfibios de las ciénagas del departamento del Cesar. Págs. 499-509. En: Rangel-Ch. J.O. (Ed). Co-lombia: Diversidad Biótica XIII. Complejo cenagoso de Zapatosa y ciénagas del sur del Cesar. Universidad Nacional de Colom-bia, Bogotá.

Peloso, P.L., Frost, D.R., Richards, S.J., Rodrigues, M.T., Donnellan, S., Matsui, M., Raxwor-thy, C.J., Biju, S.D., Lemmon, E.M., Lem-mon, A.R., Wheeler, W.C. (2016): The impact of anchored phylogenomics and taxon sampling on phylogenetic inference in narrow-mouthed frogs (Anura, Micro-hylidae). Cladistics 32: 113–140.

Peters, W.C.H. (1862): Über die batrachier-gattung Hemiphractus. Monatsberichte der köni-glichen preussische akademie des Wis-senschaften zu Berlin 1862: 144–152.

Pough, F.H., Andrews, R.M., Crump, M.L., Savitzky, A. H., Wells, K.D., Brandley, M.C (2016): Herpetology. 4th edition. Sunderland Sinauer Associates, Inc.

Pramuk, J.B., Robertson, J.W., Sites, J.W., Noonan, B.P. (2008): Around the world in 10 mi-llion years: biogeography of the nearly cosmopolitan true toads (Anura: Bufoni-dae). Global Ecology and Biogeography 17: 72–83.

Pyron, R.A. (2011): Divergence time estimation using fossils as terminal taxa and the origins of Lissamphibia. Systematic Biology 60: 466-481.

Pyron, R.A., Wiens, J.J. (2011): A large-scale phylogeny of Amphibia including over 2800 species, and a revised classification of extant frogs, salamanders, and caecilians. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 61: 543-583.

Rafinesque, C.S. (1815): Analyse de Nature, ou Tableau de l’Universe et des Corps Organisés. Palermo: Jean Barravecchia.

Ramírez-Pinilla, M.P., Jerez, A. (1999): Desarrollo de las campanas branquiales en Crypto-batrachus (Amphibia: Anura: Hylidae). Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales 23: 357-365.

Rangel-Ch, O., Lowy-C, P.D., Aguilar-P, M. (1997): Distribución de los tipos de vegetación en las regiones naturales de Colombia. Págs. 383-402. En: Rangel-Ch, J.O., Lowy-C, O.P.D., Aguilar-P, M. (Eds). Colombia Diversidad Biótica II, Tipos de Vegetación en Colombia. Instituto de Ciencias Naturales-Universidad Nacional de Colombia y Ministerio de Medio Ambiente de Colombia, Bogotá.

Renjifo, J.M., Lundberg, M. (1999): Anfibios y Rep-tiles de Urrá. Skanka. Editorial Colina SA, Medellín.Rivera-Correa, M. (2006): Geographic distribution: Caecilia caribea. Herpetological Review 37: 491.

Rivero, J.A. (1969): Sobre la Hyla rubra Laurenti y la Hyla x-signata Spix (Amphibia, Salientia). Memoria de la Sociedad de Ciencias Natu-rales La Salle 83: 109–118.

Rojas-Ríos, J.A., Cortés-Gómez, A.M., Urbina-Car-dona, J.N., Gómez-Martínez. J.M. (2011): Herpetofauna asociada a sistemas ganaderos en bosque seco tropical. Revista Agroforesteria Neotropical 1: 78.

Roelants, K., Gower, D.J., Wilkinson, M., Loader, S.P., Biju, S.D., Guillaume, K., Moriau, L., Bossuyt, F. (2007): Global patterns of diversification in the history of modern amphibians. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104: 887-892.

Romero-Martínez, H. J., Lynch, J. D. (2010): Anfibios de los humedales de Córdoba. Págs. 349-360. En: Rangel-Ch, J.O. (Ed). Colombia Diversidad Biótica IX. Ciénagas de Córdoba: Biodiversidad, Ecología y Manejo Ambiental. Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá.

Romero-Martínez H.J., Lynch, J.D. (2012): Anfibios de la Región Caribe. Págs. 677-701. En: Rangel-Ch., J.O. (Ed). Colombia Diversidad Biótica XII. La Región Caribe de Colombia. Universidad Nacional de Colombia-Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Bogotá.

Romero-Martínez, H.J., Vidal-Pastrana, C.C., Lynch, J.D., Dueñas, P.R. (2008): Estudio preliminar de la fauna anfibia en el cerro Murrucucú, Parque Natural Nacional Paramillo y zona amortiguadora, Tierralta, Córdoba, Colombia. Caldasia 30: 209-229.

Ron, S.R., Santos, J.C., Canatella, D.C. (2006): Phylogeny of the túngara frogs genus Engystomops (Physalaemus pustulosusspecies group; Anura: Leptodactylidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 39: 392-403.

Rueda-Almonacid, J. V., Velásquez-Álvarez, A.A., Galvis-Peñuela, P.A., Gualdrón Duarte, J.E. (2008): Anfibios. Págs. 169-192. En: Rodríguez-Mahecha, J.V., Rueda- Almonacid, J.V., Gutiérrez-H, T.D. (Eds). Guía Ilustrada de la Fauna del Santuario de Vida Silvestre Los Besotes, Valledupar, Cesar, Colombia. Serie de Guías Tropicales de Campo Nº 7. Conservación Internacional-Colombia. Editorial Panamericana.

Rueda-Solano, L. A., Castellanos-Barliza, J. (2010): Herpetofauna de Neguanje, Parque Nacional Natural Tayrona, Caribe colombiano. Acta Biológica Colombiana 15: 195-206.

Rueda-Solano, L. A., Vargas-Salinas, F. (2014): Cryptobatrachus boulengeri (Boulenger’s backpack frog): latitudinal and altitudinal range extension. Herpetotropicos 10: 51–52.

Ruiz-Carranza, P.M., Ardila-Robayo, M.C., Lynch, J.D. (1996): Lista actualizada de la fauna de Amphibia de Colombia. Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales 20: 365-415.

San Mauro, D., Vences, M., Alcobenda, M., Zardoya, R., Meyer, A. (2005): Initial diversification of living amphibians predated the breakup of Pangaea. The American Naturalist 165: 590-599.

Spix, J. B. (1824): Animalia nova sive species novae Testudinum et Ranarum quas in itinere per Brasiliam annis MDCCCXVII–MDCCCXX jussu et auspiciis Maximiliani Josephi I. Bavariae Regis. München: F. S. Hübsch-mann, Munich, Germany.

Tschudi, J.J.V. (1838): Classification der Batrachier mit Berücksichtigung der fossilen Thiere dieser Abtheilung der Reptilien. Neuchâtel: Petitpierre.

Urbina-Cardona, J.N., Navas, C.A., González, I., Gómez-Martínez, M.J., Llano-Mejía, J., Medina-Rangel, G.F., Blanco, A. (2014): Determinantes de la distribución de los anfibios en el Bosque Seco Tropical de Colombia: herramientas para su conservación. Págs. 163-189. En: Pizano, C., García, H. (Eds). El Bosque Seco Tropical en Colombia II. Biodiversidad Asociada al Bosque Seco. Instituto Alexander von Humboldt, Colombia.

Vaz-Ferreira, R., Gehrau, A. (1975): Epimeletic be-haviour of the common frog, Leptodactylus ocellatus (L.) (Amphibia, Leptodactylidae). I. Attention to the tadpole and related feeding and aggressive activities. Physis 34: 1-14.

Vitt, L. J., Caldwell, J.P. (2014). Herpetology. An Introductory Biology of Amphibians and Reptiles. 4th edition. Elsevier, Norman, Oklahoma.

Wells, K.D. (2007): The Ecology and Behavior of Amphibians. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

Werner, F. (1896): Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Rep-tilien und Batrachier von Centralamerika und Chile, sowie einiger seltenerer Schlan-genarten. Verhandlungen der kaiser-köni-glichen zoologischen Gesellschaft in Wien 46: 344–365.

Zhang, P., Zhou, H., Chen, Y.Q., Liu, Y.F., Qu, L.H. (2005): Mitogenomic perspectives on the origin and phylogeny of living amphibians. Systematic Biology 54: 391-400

Bernal-Carlo, A. (1991): Herpetology of Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia: A biogeographical analysis. Unpublished PhD dissertation, University of New York, Nueva York.

Cadle, J.E. (1985): The neotropical colubrid snake fauna (Serpentes: Colubridge): lineage com-ponents and biogeography. Systematic Zoology 34: 1-20.

Carvajal-Cogollo, J.E. (2014): Evaluación a múltiples escalas de los efectos de la transformación del paisaje sobre los ensamblajes de reptiles en localidades de la región Caribe Colombiana. Tesis doctoral, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá.

Carvajal-Cogollo, J.E., Cárdenas-Arévalo, G., Cas-taño-Mora, O. (2012): Reptiles de la región Caribe de Colombia. Págs. 791-812. En: Rangel Ch, J.O. (Ed). Colombia Diversidad Biótica XII. La Región Caribe de Colombia. Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá.

Castaño-Mora, O., Cárdenas-A G., Hernández-R E., Castro-H F. (2004): Reptiles en el Chocó biogeográfico. Págs. 599-632. En: Rangel-Ch, J.O. (Ed). Diversidad Biótica IV. El Chocó Biogeográfico-Costa Pacífica. Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá.

Ceballos, G. (1995): Vertebrate diversity, ecologyand conservation in Neotropical dry forests. Págs. 195-214. En: Bullock, S.H., Mooney, H.A., Medina, E. (Eds). Seasonally Dry Tropical Forests. New York.

Crawford, N.G., Parham, J.F., Sellas, A.B., Faircloth, B.C., Glenn, T.C., Papenfuss, T.J., Henderson, J.B., Hansen, M.H., Simson, B. (2015): A phylogenomic analysis of turtles. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 83: 250–257.

Darlington, P.J. (1957): Zoogeography: The Geographic Distribution oI Animals. John hiley & Sons. New York. Dugand, D.A. (1975): SerpentiIauna de la llanura costera del Caribe. Caldasia 11: 61-82.

Galvis-Peñuela, P.A., Mejía-Tobón, A., Rueda-Almonacid, J.V. (2011): Fauna Silvestre de la Reserva Forestal Protectora Montes de Oca, La Guajira, Colombia. Corpoguajira-Colombia.

Gillespie, G., Howard, S., Lockie, D., Scroggie, M., Boeadi, A. (2005): HerpetoIaunal Richness and Community Structure oII OIIshore Is-lands Sulawesi, Indonesia. Biotropica 37: 279-290.

HaIIer, J. (1979): 4uaternary biogeography oI tropical lowland South America. Págs. 107-140. En: Duellman, :.E. (Ed). The South American HerpetoIauna: Its Origin, Evolution and Dispersal. Museum of Natural History of the University of Kansas Monographs 7, Laurence.

Hernández-Camacho, I., Hurtado-Guerra, A., Or-tiz-4uijano, R., :alschburger, Th. (1992): Unidades Biogeográficas de Colombia. Págs. 105-151. En: HalIIter, G. (Ed). La Diversidad Biológica de Iberoamérica I. Instituto de Ecología, A.C., México.

Hernández-Ruz, E.J., Castaño-Mora, O.V., Cárdenas-Arévalo, G., Galvis-Peñuela, P.A. (2001): Caracterización preliminar de la “Comunidad” de reptiles de un sector de la Serranía del Perijá, Colombia. Caldasia 23: 475-489.

ITZN (2009): Código Internacional de Nomenclatura Zoológica. 4ta. Edición. Comisión Internacional de Nomenclatura Zoológica.

Lotz Nat, S. (2007): Taxonomie und Zoogeogra-phie der Herpetofauna des Nirgua-Massi-vs, Venezuela. Diplomarbeit im Fachbereich BiowissenschaIten der Johann HolIgang Erythrolamprus epinephelus Goethe-Universität. Frankfurt am Main.

Meredith, R.W., Hekkala, E.R., Amato, G., Gatesy, J. (2011): A phylogenetic hypothesis for Crocodylus (Crocodylia) based on mitochondrial DNA: evidence for a trans-Atlantic voyage from Africa to the New World. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 60: 183-191.

Moreno-Arias, R.A., Medina-Rangel, G.F., Carvajal-Cogollo, J.E., Castaño-Mora, O.V. (2009): Herpetofauna de la Serranía del Perijá, Colombia. Págs. 449-470. En Rangel-Ch, J.O. (Ed). Colombia Diversidad Biótica VIII: La Serranía del Perijá, Colombia. Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia-Corpocesar, Bogotá.

Murphy, J.C., Jowers, M.J., Lehtinen, R.M., Char-les, S.P., Colli, G.R., Peres, A.K., Hendry, C.R., Pyron, R.A. (2016): Cryptic, sympatric diversity in tegu lizards of the Tupinambis teguixin Group (Squamata, Sauria, Teiidae) and the description of three new species. PLoS ONE 11: e0158542.

Oaks, J.R (2011): A time-calibrated species tree of Crocodylia reveals a recent radiation of the true Crocodiles. Evolution 65: 3285–3297.

Pérez-Santos, C., Moreno, A. (1986): Las Serpientes del Atlántico. Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Madrid.

Pérez-Santos, C., Moreno, A. (1988): Ofidios de Colombia. Monografía VI. Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali Torino.Pincheira-Donoso, D., Bauer, A.M., Meiri, S., Uetz, P. (2013): Global taxonomic diversity of living reptiles. PLoS ONE 8: e59741.

Pinto-Sánchez, N.R., Calderón-Espinosa, M.L., Mi-ralles, A., Crawford, A.J., Ramírez- Pinilla, M.P. (2015): Molecular phylogenetics and biogeography of the Neotropical skink genus Mabuya Fitzinger (Squamata: Scincidae) with emphasis on Colombian populations. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 93:188-211.

Poe, S. (1996): Data set incongruence and the phylogeny of crocodilians. Systematics Bio-logy 45: 393–414.

Poe, S., Nieto-Montes de Oca, A., Torres-Carvajal, O., De Queiroz, K., Velasco, J.A., Truett, B., Gray, L.N., Ryan, M.J., Köhler, G., Ayala-Varela, F. Latella, I. (2017): A phylogenetic, biogeographic, and taxonomic study of all extant species of Anolis (Squamata; Iguanidae). Systematic Biology 66:663–697.

Pyron, R.A., Burbrink, F.T., Wiens, J.J. (2013): A phylogeny and revised classification of Squamata, including 4161 species of lizards and snakes. BMC Evolutionary Biology 13: 93.

Rangel-Ch, J.O. (2012): Colombia, Diversidad Biótica XII. La Región Caribe de Colombia. Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá.

Rangel-Ch, J.O., Carvajal-Cogollo, J.E. (2009): Clima de la Serranía del Perijá. Págs. 3-49. En: Rangel-Ch, J.O (Ed). Diversidad Biótica VIII. Media y Baja Montaña de la Serranía de Perijá. Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia y Corpocesar, Bogotá.

Rodríguez, M.A. (2000): Cocodrilos (Archosauria: Crocodylia) de la región Neotropical. Biota Colombiana 1: 135 – 140.Rojas-Murcia, L., Carvajal-Cogollo, J.E., Cabrejo-Bello, J.A. (2016): Reptiles del bosque seco estacional en el Caribe Colombiano: distribución de los hábitats y del recurso alimenticio. Acta Biológica Colombiana 21: 365-377.

Rosales-Romero, F. (2012): El modelamiento del movimiento de las placas tectónicas: una propuesta para el aula. Tesis doctoral, Departamento de Geociencias, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá.

Rueda-Solano, L.A., Castellanos-Barliza, J.E. (2010): Herpetofauna de Neguanje, Parque Nacional Natural Tayrona, Caribe colombiano. Acta Biológica Colombiana 15: 195-206.

Ruthven, A.G. (1922): The amphibians and reptiles of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia. Miscellaneous Publications. University of Michigan. Museum of Zoology 8: 1-93.

Savage, J.M. (1966): The origins and history of the Central American herpetofauna. Copeia 1966: 719-766.

Savage, J.M. (1982): The enigma of the Central American herpetofauna: dispersals or vicariance? Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 69: 464-547.

Savage, J. M. (2002): The Amphibians and Reptiles of Costa Rica: A Herpetofauna Between Two Continents, Between Two Seas. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

ShaIIer, H.B., McCartney-Melstad, E., Near, T.J., Mount, G.G., SpinNs, P.4. (2017): Phylogenomic analyses oI 539 highly informative loci dates a Lully resolved time tree for the major clades of living turtles (Testudines). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 115: 7-15.

Torres-Carvajal, O. och, C., Venegas, P.J., Poe, S. (2017): Phylogeny and diversity of neotropical monNey lizards (Iguanidae: Polychrus Cuvier, 1817). PLoS ONE 12: e0178139.

Townsend, T.M., Mulcahy, D.G., Noonan, B.P., Sites Jr, J, .uczynsNi, C.A., :iens, J.J., Reeder, T.:. (2011): Phylogeny of iguanian lizards inferred from 29 nuclear loci, and a com-parison of concatenated and species-tree approaches for an ancient, rapid radiation. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 61: 363-380.

Uetz, P., Hošek J. (2018): The Reptile Database. http://www.reptile-database.org Consultado en abril 18 de 2018.

Vargas-Ramírez, M., del Valle, C., Ceballos, C.P., Fritz, U. (2017): Trachemys medemi n. sp. from northwestern Colombia turns the biogeography of South American slider turtles upside down. Journal oI Zoological Systema-tics and Evolutionary Research 55: 326–339

Wilson, L.D., McCranie, J.R. (1998): The biogeography of the herpetofauna of the subhumid Io-rests of Middle America (Isthmus of Tehuan-tepec to northwestern Costa Rica). Toronto:

AlIaro-Hatum, B. (2013): Impudencia del potencial hídrico del suelo sobre el balance del agua y comportamiento de estivación en dos anfibios terrestres, Pleurodema bracKyops(Cope, 1869) y (ngystomops pustulosuspustulosus (Cope, 1864) (Anura: Leptodac-tylidae). Tesis de Pregrado en Biología. Universidad del Magdalena, Colombia.

Angilletta, M.J.Jr. (2009): Thermal Adaptation: A Theoretical and Empirical Synthesis. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

Angilletta, M.J.Jr, NiewiarowsNi, P.H., Navas, C.A. (2002): The evolution oI thermal physiology in ectotherms. Journal of Thermal Biology 27: 249–268.

Bartholomew, G.A. (1982): Physiological control oI body temperature. Págs. 167-211. En: Biology of the Reptilia, Vol. 12. Gans, C., Pough, F.H. (Eds). Academic Press, London.

Bartholomew, G.A., TucNer, V.A. (1963): Control oI changes in body temperature, metabolism, and circulation by the agamid lizard, mpKi-bolurus barbatus. Physiological Zoology36: 199–218.

Beck, D.D. (1995): Ecology and energetics of three sympatric rattlesnake species in the Sonoran Desert. Journal of Herpetology 29: 211–223.

Beck, D.D., Lowe, C.H. (1994): Resting metabolism of helodermatid lizards: allometric and eco-logical relationships. Journal of Comparative Physiology B 164: 124–129.

Bentley, P.J. (1959): Studies on the water and electrolyte metabolism of the lizard tracKysaurus rugoses (Gray). The Journal of Physiology 145: 37–47.

Bentley, P.J. (1971): Endocrines and Osmoregulation. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

Bernal, M.H., Lynch, J.D. (2013): Thermal tolerance in anuran embryos with different reproductive modes: relationship to altitude. The Scientific World Journal 2013: 1–7.

Berven, A. (1982): The genetic basis of altitudinal variation in the wood Irog, 5ana sylvatica. I. An experimental analysis of fiIe history traits. Evolution 36: 962–983.

Bidwell, R.G.S. (1979): Plant Physiology. 2th edition. MacMillan Press, New YorNBlanco-Torres, A., Bonilla-Gómez, M.A. (2010): Partición de microhábitats entre especies de BuIonidae y Leiuperidae (Amphibia: Anura) en áreas con bosque seco tropical de la re-gión Caribe-Colombia. Acta Biológica Co-lombiana 15: 47–60.

Bogert, C.M. (1959): How reptiles regulate their body temperature. The Scientific American200: 105–120.Bradshaw, S.D. (1970): Seasonal changes in the water and electrolyte metabolism of mpKibolurus lizard in the field. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 36: 689–717.

Bradshaw, S.D. (1986): Ecophysiology of Desert Reptiles. Academic Press Australia, London.

Bradshaw, S.D. (1988): Desert reptiles: a case oI adaptation or pre-adaptation" Journal oI Arid Environments 14: 155–174.

Brashears, J., DeNardo, D.F. (2015): Facultative thermogenesis during brooding is not the norm among pythons. Journal of Comparative Physiology A 201: 817–825.

Brattstrom, B.H. (1979): Amphibian temperature regulation studies in the field and in the laboratory. The American Zoologist 19: 345–356.

Brown, G., Brown, R., Cohen, P.P. (1959): Comparative biochemistry of urea synthesis II. Levels of urea cycle enzymes in metamorphosing ana catesbeiana tadpoles. Journal of Biological Chemistry 234: 1775–1780.

Buchholz, D.R., Hayes, T.B. (2002): Evolutionary patterns oI diversity in spadeIoot toad me-tamorphosis (Anura: Pelobatidae). Copeia 2002: 180–189.Camp, C.D., :ooten, J.A., Jensen, J.B., BarteN, D.F. (2014): Role of temperature in determining relative abundance in cave twilight zones by two species of lungless salamander (Iamily Plethodontidae). Canadian Journal oI Zoology 92: 119–127.

Carvalho, J.E., Navas, C.A., Pereira, I.C. (2010): Energy and water in aestivating amphibians. Págs. 171-181. En: Navas, C., Carvalho, J. (Eds). Aestivation: Molecular and Physiological Aspects. Springer, Berlin.

Chong, R.A., Mueller, R.L. (2012): Low metabolic rates in salamanders are correlated with weak selective constraints on mitochondrial genes. Evolution 67: 894–899.

Cohen, M.P., AlIord, R.A. (1996): Factors aIIecting diurnal shelter use by the cane toad, BuIo marinus. Herpetologica 52: 172–181.

Cowles, R.B., Bogert, C.M. (1944): A preliminary study of the thermal requirements of desert reptiles. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History83: 264–296.

Cruz-Piedrahita, C., Navas, C.A. CrawIord, A.J. (2018): LiIe on the edge: a comparative study of ecophysiological adaptations of Frogz to tropical semiarid environments. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 91: 740–756.

Cruz-Rodríguez, E. Galindo-Martínez, C.A. (2017): Aproximación al conocimiento de la biología térmica de la salamandra Bolitoglossa ramosi (Caudata, Plethodontidae). Tesis Programa de Biología, Universidad del Tolima, Ibagué, Colombia.

Dantzler, W. H. (1995): Nitrogen excretion in reptiles. Págs. 179–192. En: alsh, P.J., :right, P. (Eds). Nitrogen Metabolism and Excretion. CRC Press, Boca Raton.

de Andrade, D.V., Abe, A.S. (1997): Evaporative water loss and oxygen uptake in two cas-que-headed tree Irogs, paraspKenodon brunoi and CorytKomantis greeningi (Anura, Hylidae). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A 118: 685–689.

de Sá, R.O., Grant, T., Camargo, A., Heyer, R., Ponssa, M.L., Stanley, E. (2014): Systema-tics oI the neotropical genus leptodactylus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae): phylogeny, the relevance of non-molecular evidence, and species accounts. South American Journal of Herpetology (Special publication): 1–100.

DeWitt, C.B. (1971): Postural mechanisms in the behavioral thermoregulation of a desert lizard, Dipsosaurus dorsalis. Journal of Physiology 63: 242–245.

Dirzo, R., Young, H.S., Mooney, H.A., Ceballos, G. (2011): Introduction. Págs. XI – XIII En: Dir-zo, R., Young, H.S., Mooney, H.A., Ceballos, G. (Eds). Seasonally Dry Tropical Forest. Is-land Press, Washington.

Downie, J.R. (1984): How Leptodactylus fuscus tadpoles make foam, and why. Copeia 1984: 778–780.

Downie, J.R. (1994): Developmental arrest in Leptodactylus fuscus tadpoles (Anura: Leptodac-tylidae). I: Descriptive analysis. Herpetological Journal 4: 29–38.

Downie, J.R., Smith, J. (2003): Survival of larval Leptodactylus fuscus (Anura: Leptodactylidae) out of water: developmental differences and interspecific comparisons. Journal of Herpetology 37: 107–115.

Duellman, W.E., Trueb, L. (1986): Biology of Am-phibians. McGraw-Hill, New York

Feder, M.E., Burggren, W.W. (1992): Environmental Physiology of the Amphibians. The Univer-sity of Chicago Press, Chicago

Frost, D.R. (2018): Amphibian species of the world: an online reference. Version 6.0. http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.html.AmericanMuseumofNaturalHistoty, New York, USA.

Gandolfi, S.M., Rocha, C.F.D. (1998): Orientation of thermoregulating Tropidurus torquatus(Sauria: Tropiduridae) on termite mounds. Amphibia-Reptilia 19: 319–323.

Garland, Jr, T., & Carter, P.A. (1994): Evolutionary physiology. Annual Review of Physiology 56: 579–621.

Gomez-Mestre, I., Buchholz, D.R. (2006): Developmental plasticity mirrors differences among taxa in spadefoot toads linking plasticity and diversity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103: 19021–19026.

Gomez-Mestre, I., Kulkarni S., Buchholz D.R. (2013): Mechanisms and consequences of develop-mental acceleration in tadpoles responding to pond drying. PLoS ONE 8: e84266.

Gomez‐Mestre, I., Saccoccio, V.L., Iijima, T., Co-llins, E.M., Rosenthal, G.G., Warkentin, K.M. (2010): The shape of things to come: linking developmental plasticity to postmetamorphic morphology in anurans. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 23: 1364–1373.

Gomez-Mestre, I., M. Tejedo, E. Ramayo, Estepa, J. (2004): Developmental alterations and osmoregulatory physiology of a larval anu-ran under osmotic stress. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 77: 267–274.

Gosner, K.L. (1960): A simplified table for staging anuran embryos and larvae with notes on identification. Herpetologica 16: 183–190.Grenot, C. (1976): Ecophysiologie du Lézard saharien Uromastix acanthinurus Bell, 1825 (Agamidae herbivore). Publications du Laboratoire de Zoologie de l’Ecole Normale Supérieure 7:1–323.

Grover, M.C. (2000): Determinants of salamander distribution along moisture gradients. Co-peia 2000: 156–168.

Hammel, H.T., Caldwell, F.T., Abrams, R.M. (1967): Regulation of body temperature in the blue-tongued lizard. Science 156: 1260–1262.

Heath, J.E. (1965): Temperature regulation and diurnal activity in horned lizards. Universi-ty of California Publications in Zoology 64: 97–136.

Heatwole, H., Newby, A. (1972): Interaction of internal rhythm and loss of body water in influencing activity levels of amphibians. Herpetologica 28: 156–162.

Heatwole, H., De Austin, S.B., Herrero, R. (1968): Heat tolerances of tadpoles of two species of tropical anurans. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 27: 807–815.

Heatwole, H., Torres, F., De Austin, S.B., Heatwole, A. (1969): Studies on anuran water balance - I. Dynamics of evaporative water loss by the coquí Eleutherodactylus portoricensis. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 28: 245–269.

Henschel, J.R., Seely, M.K. (2008): Ecophysiology of atmospheric moisture in the Na-mib desert. Atmospheric Research 87: 362–368.

Hernderson, R.W., Binder, M.H., Sajdak, R.A., Buday, J.A. (1980): Aggregating behavior and explotation of subterranean habitat by gravid eastern milksnakes (Lampropeltis t. triangulum). Milwaukee Public Museum 32: 1–9.

Hertz, P.E. (1974): Thermal passivity of a tropical fo-rest lizard, Anolis polylepis. Journal of Herpetology 8: 323–327.

Hertz, P.E., Huey, R.B. Stevenson, R.D. (1993): Eva-luating temperature regulation by field-ac-tive ectotherms: the fallacy of the inappropriate question. The American Naturalist 142: 796–818.

Heyer, W.R. (1969): The adaptive ecology of the species groups of the genus Leptodactylus (Amphibia, Leptodactylidae). Evolution 23: 421–428.

Hissa, D.C., Vasconcelos, I.M., Carvalho, A.F. U., No-gueira, V.L.R., Cascon, P., Antunes, A.S.L., Melo, V.M.M. (2008): Novel surfactant proteins are involved in the structure and stability of foam nests from the frog Leptodactylus vastus. Journal of Experimental Biology 211: 2707–2711.

Hochachka, P.W., Somero, G.N. (2002): Biochemical Adaptation: Mechanism and Process in Physiological Evolution. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

Hoffman, J. (2014): Physiological response of Bufo viridis (Laurenti, 1768) populations across an aridity gradient. Alytes 30: 33–41.

Hoffman, J., Katz, U. (1998): Glyconeogenesis and urea synthesis in the toad Bufo viridis during acclimation to water restriction. Physiological Zoology 71: 85–92.

Huey, R.B. (1974): Winter thermal ecology of the Iguanid lizard Tropidurus peruvianus. Copeia 1974: 149–155.Huey, R.B. (1982): Temperature, physiology, and the ecology of reptiles. Págs. 25–91. En: Biology of the Reptilia.Gans, C., Pough, F.H. (Eds). Academic Press, London.

Huey, R.B. (1991): Physiological consequences of habitat selection. The American Naturalist 137: S91–S115.

Huey, R.B., Slatkin, M. (1976): Costs and benefits of lizard thermoregulation. The Quarterly Re-view of Biology 51: 363–384.

Huey, R.B., Stevenson, R.D. (1979): Integrating thermal physiology and ecology of ectoterms: a discussion of approaches. The Ameri-can Zoologist 19: 357–366.

Huey, R.B., Webster, T.P. (1975): Thermal biology of a solitary lizard: Anolis marmoratus of Guadeloupe, Lesser Antilles. Ecology 56: 445–452.

Huey, R.B., Peterson, C.R., Arnold, S.J., Porter, W.P. (1989): Hot rocks and not-so-hot rocks: retreat-site selection by garter snakes and its thermal consequences. Ecology 70: 931–944.

Huey, R.B., Kearney, M.R., Krockenberger, A., Holtum, J.A., Jess, M., Williams, S.E. (2012): Predicting organismal vulnerability to climate warming: roles of behaviour, physiology and adaptation. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 367: 1665–1679.

Johnson, C.R. (1969): Aggregation as a means of water conservation in juvenile Limnody-nastes from Australia. Herpetologica 25: 275–276.

Jørgensen, C.B. (1997): Urea and amphibian water economy. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A 117: 161–170.Kardong, K.V. (1995): Vertebrates. Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution. Wm.C. Brown Publications, Dubuque.

Kates, N., Moldoveanu, M., Stewart, L.C. (1993): On the revised structure of the major phospho-lipid of Halobacterium salinarium. Biochimi-ca et Biophysica Acta 1169: 46–53.

Kiefer, M.C., Van-Sluys, M., Rocha, C.F.D. (2007): Thermoregulatory behaviour in Tropidurus torquatus (Squamata, Tropiduridae) from Brazilian coastal populations: an estimate of passive and active thermoregulation in lizards. Acta Zoologica 88: 81–87.

Kobayashi, D., Mautz, W.J., Nagy, K.A. (1983): Evaporative water loss: humidity acclimation in Anolis carolinensis lizards. Copeia 1983: 701–704.

Kobelt, F., Linsenmair, K. E. (1995): Adaptations of the reed frog Hyperolius viridiflavus (Amphibia, Anura, Hyperoliidae) to its arid environment. VII. The heat budget of Hyperolius viridiflavus nitidulus and evolution of an optimized body shape. Journal of Comparative Physiology B 165: 110–124.

Kulkarni, S.S., Gomez-Mestre, I., Moskalik, C.L., Buchholz, D.R. (2011): Evolutionary reduction of developmental plasticity in desert spadefoot toads. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 24: 2445–2455.

Lillywhite, H.B. (2006): water relations of tetrapod integument. Journal Experimental Biology 209: 202–226.

Lillywhite, H.B., Mittal, A..., Garg, T..., Agrawal, N. (1997): Integumentary structure and its relationship to wiping behaviour in the common Indian tree frog, polypedates maculatus. Journal of Zoology 243: 675–687.

Liu, J., Hou, P.L. (2012): Cutaneous resistance to evaporative water loss in Taiwanese arboreal rhacophorid frogs. Zoological Studies 51: 988–995.

Louw, G.N., Holm, E. (1972): Physiological, morphological and behavioural adaptations of the ultrapsammophilus, Namib desert lizard porosaura ancKietae (Bocage). Madoquia 1: 67–85.

Lunghi, E., Manenti, R., Canciani, G., Scari, G., Pen-nati, R., Ficetola, G.F. (2016): Thermal equilibrium and temperature differences among body regions in European plethodontid salamanders. Journal of Thermal Biology 60: 79–85.

McClanahan, Jr. L. (1967): Adaptation of the spadefoot toad, 6capKiopus couch, to desert environments. Comparative Biochemistry Physiology 20: 209–216.

McClanahan, L.L., Ruibal, R., ShoemaNer, V.H. (1983): Rate of cocoon formation and its physiological correlates in a ceratophryid frog. Physiological Zoology 56: 430–435.

McClanahan, L.L., Ruibial, R., ShoemaNer, V.H. (1994): Frogs and toads in desert. The Scientific American 270: 82-88.McNab, B... (2002): The Physiological Ecology of Vertebrates: A View from Energetics. Cornell University Press, Ithaca.

Méndez-Narváez, J.,rNentin. ..M. (2017): Nitro-gen excretion plasticity in early fiIe stages of aquatic- and terrestrial-foam-nesting frogs: a potential mechanism facilitating reproductive colonization of land. Society fo

Acuña-Mesén, R.A. (1998): Las Tortugas Continentales de Costa Rica. 2da. edición. Editorial Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro de Montes de Oca, Costa Rica.

Astudillo, G.V., Acosta, J.C., Villavicencio, H.J., Córdoba, M.A. (2015): Ecología trófica y dimorfismo sexual del lagarto endémico Liolaemus eleodori (Iguania: Liolaemidae) del Parque Nacional San Guillermo, San Juan, Argentina. Cuadernos de Herpetología 29: 27–39

Astudillo, G.V., Acosta, J.C., Villavicencio, H.J., Córdoba, M.A. (2015): Ecología trófica y dimorfismo sexual del lagarto endémico Lio-laemus eleodori (Iguania: Liolaemidae) del Parque Nacional San Guillermo, San Juan, Argentina. Cuadernos de Herpetología 29: 27–39.

Bels, V.L., Davenport, J., Delheusy, V. (1997): Ki-nematic analysis of the feeding behavior in the box turtle Terrapene carolina (L.), (Reptilia: Emydidae). Journal of Experimental Zoology A 277: 198–212.

Bels, V.L., Davenport, J., Renous, S. (1998): Food ingestion in the estuarine turtle Mala-clemys terrapin: comparison with the marine leatherback turtle Dermochelys coriacea. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 78: 953–972.

Berry, J.M., Iverson, J.B., Forero-Medina, G. (2012): Kinosternon scorpioides. Págs. 340-348. En: Páez, V.P., Morales-Betancourt, M.A., Lasso, C.A., Castaño-Mora, O.V., Bock, B.C. (Eds). Biología y Conser-vación de las Tortugas Continentales de Colombia. Serie Editorial Recursos Hi-drobiológicos y Pesqueros Continentales de Colombia. Instituto de Investigación e Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, Bogotá.

Bjorndal, K.A., Bolten, A.B. (1992): Body size and digestive efficiency in a herbivorous fres-hwater turtle: advantages of small bite size. Physiological Zoology 65: 1028–1039.

Blanco-Torres, A., Navarro-Gutiérrez, K., Moreno, L. (2013): Colostethus inguinalis (Common Rocket Frog). Diet. Herpetological Review 44: 493.

Blanco-Torres A., Ordóñez M.P., Franco-Rozo, M.C. (2014): Colostethus ruthveni (Santa Marta Poison Arrow Frog) Diet. Herpetological Review 45: 476.

Blanco-Torres, A., Duré, M., Bonilla, M.A. (2015a): Observaciones sobre la dieta de Elachistocleis pearsei y Elachistocleis panamensis en dos áreas intervenidas de tierras bajas del norte de Colombia. Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad 86: 538–540.

Blanco-Torres, A., Duré, M., Bonilla, M.A. (2015b): Dieta de Craugastor raniformis Boulenger (Anura: Craugastoridae) en un área con bosque seco tropical del norte de Colom-bia. Acta Zoológica Mexicana 31: 331–332.

Blanco-Torres, A., Duré, M., Bonilla, M.A. (2017a): Trophic ecology of Scinax rostratus (Peters, 1863) and Scinax ruber (Laurenti, 1768) (Anura: Hylidae) in tropical dry forest of northern Colombia. Herpetology Notes 10: 405–409.

Blanco-Torres, A., Duré, M., Bonilla, M.A. (2017b): Phyllomedusa venusta (Lovely Leaf Frog). Diet. Herpetological Review 48(3): 610.

Bock, B.C., Páez, V., Daza, J.M. (2012a): Trachemys callirostris. Págs. 283-291. En: Páez, V.P., Morales-Betancourt, M.A., Lasso, C.A., Castaño-Mora, O.V., Bock, B.C. (Eds). Biología y Conservación de las Tortugas Continentales de Colombia. Serie Edito-rial Recursos Hidrobiológicos y Pesque-ros Continentales de Colombia. Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, Bogotá.

Bock, B.C., Páez, V., Castaño, O.V. (2012b): Tr a-chemys venusta. Págs. 292-297 En: Páez, V.P., Morales-Betancourt, M.A., Lasso, C.A., Castaño-Mora, O.V., Bock, B.C. (Eds). Biología y Conservación de las Tortugas Continentales de Colombia. Serie Editorial Recursos Hidrobiológicos y Pes-queros Continentales de Colombia. Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológi-cos Alexander von Humboldt, Bogotá.

Born, M., Bongers, F., Poelman, E.H., Sterck, F.J. (2010): Dry-season retreat and dietary shift of the dart-poison frog Dendrobates tinctorius (Anura: Dendrobatidae). Phyllo-medusa 9: 37-52.

Bouchard, S.S., Bjorndal, K.A. (2006): Nonadditive interactions between animal and plant diet items in an omnivorous freshwater turtle Trachemys scripta. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B 144: 77–85

Cabrera, M.R. (1998): Las Tortugas Continentales de Sudamérica Austral. Impresión privada, Córdoba, Argentina.

Campbell, J.A. (1998): Amphibians and Reptiles of Northern Guatemala, the Yucatán, and Belize. University of Oklahoma Press, Oklahoma.

Caputo, F.P., Vogt, R.C. (2008): Stomach flushing Vs. fecal analysis: the example of Phrynops rufipes (Testudines: Chelidae). Copeia 2008: 301–305.

Castillo-Centeno, O. (1986): Factores ecológicos y de mercado de la reproducción de Rhinoclemmys pulcherrima y Kinosternon scorpioides (Testudines: Emydidae y Kinosternidae) en Costa Rica. Tesis de Pregrado, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica.

Carvajal-Cogollo, J.E., Cárdenas-Arévalo, G., Castaño-Mora, O. (2012): Reptiles de la región Caribe de Colombia. Págs. 791-812. En: Rangel-Ch. J.O (Ed). Colombia Diversidad Biótica XII: La Región Caribe de Colombia. Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá.

Carvajal-Cogollo, J.E., Castaño-Mora, O.V., Cárdenas-Arévalo, G., Urbina-Cardona. J.N. (2007): Reptiles de áreas asociadas a humedales de la planicie del departamento de Córdoba, Colombia. Caldasia 29: 427–438.

Carvalho-Jr, E.A., Carvalho-Neto C., Paschoalini, E.L. (2008): Diet of Kinosternon scorpioides in Serra dos Carajas, eastern Amazonia. Herpetological Review 39: 283–285.

Castaño-Mora, O.V., Cárdenas-Arévalo, G., Gallego-García, N., Rivera-Díaz, O. (2005): Protección y Conservación de los Quelonios Continentales en el Departamento de Córdoba. Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, y Corporación Autónoma Regional de los Valles del Sinú y del San Jorge (CVS). Convenio No. 28.

Corredor, G., Kattan, G., Galvis-Rizo, C.A., Amorocho, D. (2007). Tortugas del Valle del Cauca. Coorporación Autónoma Regional del Valle del Cauca (CVC), Santiago de Cali, Colombia.

Cuentas, M., Borja, R., Lynch, J.D., Renjifo, J.M. (2002): Anuros del Departamento del Atlántico y Norte de Bolívar. Barranquilla, Colombia.

da Costa-Prudente, A.L., Costa-Menks, A., Magalhães-da Silva, F.M., Maschio, G.F. (2014): Diet and reproduction of the western indigo snake Drymarchon corais (Serpentes: Colubridae) Irom the Brazilian Amazon. Herpetology Notes 7: 99–108.

Díaz, P.A., Dávila, S.J., èlvarez, G.D., Sampedro, M.A. (2012): Dieta de Hemidactylus frenatus (Sauria: Gekkonidae) en un área urbana de la región Caribe colombiana. Acta Zoológica Mexicana 28: 613–616.

Downes, S., Bauwens, D. (2002): An experimental demonstration of direct behavioural interference in two Mediterranean lacertid lizard species. Animal Behaviour 63: 1037–1046.

Dos Santos, E.M., Freire, E.M.X. (2006): Leptodactylus natalensis (Bubbling Frog): Predation. Herpetological Review 37: 445.

Echeverry-García, L.P., Carr, J.L., Garcés-Restrepo, M.F., Galvis-Rizo, C.A., Giraldo, A. (2012): Rhinoclemmys melanosterna. Págs. 308- 314. En: Páez, V.P., Morales-Betancourt, M.A., Lasso, C.A., Castaño-Mora, O.V., Bock, B.C. (Eds). Biología y Conservación de las Tortugas Continentales de Colombia. Serie Editorial Recursos Hidrobiológicos y Pesqueros Continentales de Colombia. Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, Bogotá.

Emerson, S.B. (1985): Skull shape in frogs: correlations with diet. Herpetologica 41: 177–188.

Erazo-Londoño, J.P., Ruano-Meneses, L.A., López-Peña, A. (2016): Comparison of diet and alkaloids composition of Dendrobates truncatus (Dendrobatidae) between two zones with deferent degrees of disturbance in a dry forest. Revista de Ciencias Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas de la Universidad del Valle 20: 95–107.

Flórez, E., Blanco-Torres, A. (2010): Registros de escorpiones incluidos en la dieta de anuros en la Costa Atlántica colombiana. Revista Ibérica de Aracnología 18: 105–106.

Forero-Medina., G., Castaño-Mora., O.V. (2006): Kinosternon scorpioides albogulare (Whitethroated mud turtle). Feeding behavior and diet. Herpetological Review 37: 458–459.

Fretey, J. (1977): Les Cheloniens de Guyane Française. Etude préliminaire. Tesis Doctoral, Université de Paris, Francia.

Fritz, U., StucNas, H., Vargas–Ramírez, M., HundsdÄrIer, A. K., Maran, J., P´cNert, M. (2012). Molecular phylogeny of Central and South American slider turtles: implications for biogeography and systematics (Testudines: Emydidae: Trachemys). Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research 50: 125-136.

Gallego-García, N., Cárdenas-Arévalo, G., Castaño-Mora, O.V. (2012): Chelonoidis carbornaria. Págs. 406–411. En: Páez, V.P., Morales-Betancourt, M.A. Lasso, C.A., Castaño-Mora, O.V., Bock, B.C. (Eds). Biología y Conservación de las Tortugas Continentales de Colombia. Serie Editorial Recursos Hidrobiológicos y Pesqueros Continentales de Colombia. Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, Bogotá.

Giraldo, A., Garcés-Restrepo, M.F., Car, J.C. (2012): Kinosternon leucostomum. Págs. 332–339. En: Páez, V.P., Morales-Betancourt, M.A., Lasso, C.A., Castaño-Mora, O.V., Bock, B.C. (Eds). Biología y Conservación de las Tortugas Continentales de Colombia. Serie Editorial Recursos Hidrobiológicos y Pesqueros Continentales de Colombia. Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, Bogotá.

González-Durán, G., Gutiérrez-Cárdenas, P.D., Escobar-Lasso, S. (2011): Leptodactylus fragilis (Mexican white-lipped frog) Diet. Herpetological Review 42: 583–584.

González-Zárate, A. (2010): Caracterización del hábitat, uso de recursos y estado de conservación de la tortuga de río Podocnemis lewyana, aguas abajo del embalse de Hidroprado, Tolima, Colombia. Tesis de Pregrado, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá.

Greene, H. W. (2001): Snakes: The Evolution of Mystery in Nature. University of California Press, Chicago

Grisales-Martínez, F.A. Rendón-Valencia, B. (2014): Cnemidophorus lemniscatus (Linnaeus 1758). Catálogo de Anfibios y Reptiles de Colombia, Asociación Colombiana de Herpetología ACH 2: 43–50.

Guzmán, C.L. (2016): Repartición de recursos entre Stenocercus puyango (Torres-Carvajal, 2005) y Microlophus occipitalis (Peters, 1871) (Sauria: Tropiduridae) en el Parque Nacional Cerros de Amotape, Tumbes, Perú. Tesis de Pregrado en Biología, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Perú.

Herrel, A., Meyers, J.J., Vanhooydonck, B. (2002a): Relations between microhabitat use and limb shape in phrynosomatid lizards. Biological Journal of Linnean Society 77: 149–163.

Herrel, A., O’reilly, J.C., Richmond, A.M. (2002b): Evolution of bite performance in turtles. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 15: 1083–1094.

Herrel, A., Joachim, R., Vanhooydonck, B., Irschick, D.J. (2006): Ecological consequences of ontogenetic changes in head shape and bite performance in the Jamaican lizard Anolis lineatopus. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 89: 443–454.

Herrel, A., Van Damme, R., Vanhooydonck, B., De Vree, F. (2001): The implications of bite performance to diet in two species of lacertid lizards. Canadian Journal of Zoology 79: 662– 670.

Huey, R.B., Slatkin, M. (1976): Costs and benefits of lizard thermoregulation. The Quarterly Review of Biology 51: 363–384.

Keller, W.L., Heske, E.J. (2000): Habitat use by three species of snakes at the middle fork fish and wildlife area Illinois. Journal of Herpetology 34: 558–564.

Kolodiuk, F.M., Barros-Ribeiro, L., Freire, E.M. (2010): Diet and foraging behavior of two species of Tropidurus (Squamata, Tropiduridae) in the Caatinga of northeastern Brazil. South American Journal of Herpetology 5: 35–44.

Lee, J.C. (1996): The Amphibians and Reptiles of the Yucatan Península. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York.

Lee, J.C. (2000): A Field Guide to the Amphibians and Reptiles of the Maya World. Cornell Universtity Press, Ithaca, New York.

Legler, J.M. (1977): Stomach flushing: a technique for chelonian dietary studies. Herpetologica 33: 281–284.

Lenis, C. (2009): Tremátodos y moluscos asociados a Podocnemis lewyana y Trachemys callirostris callirostris (Testudinata) de la depresión Momposina, Colombia. Tesis de Maestría, Instituto de Biología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín.

Lindeman, P.V. (2000): Resource use of five sympatric turtle species: effects of competition, phylogeny, and morphology. Canadian Journal of Zoology 78: 992–1008

Luiselli, L. (2006a): Broad geographic, taxonomic and ecological patterns of interpopulation variation in the dietary habits of snakes. Web Ecology 6: 2–16.

Luiselli, L. (2006b): Resource partitioning in the communities of terrestrial turtles: a review of the evidences. Revue d’Écologie 61: 353–365.

Luiselli, L. (2008): Do lizard communities partition the trophic niche? A worldwide meta analysis using null models. Oikos 117: 321–330.

MacArthur, R.H. (1972): Geographical Ecology: Patterns in the Distribution of Species. Princeton University Press, Princeton.

Mebs, D., Jansen, M., Köhler, G., Pogoda, W., Kauert, G. (2010): Myrmecophagy and alkaloid sequestration in amphibians: a study on Ameerega picta (Dendrobatidae) and Elachistocleis sp. (Microhylidae) frogs. Salamandra 46: 11–15.

Medem, F. (1962): La distribución geográfica de los Crocodylia y Testudinata en el departamento del Chocó. Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales 11: 279–303.

Medem, F. (1977): Contribución al conocimiento sobre la taxonomía, distribución geográfica y ecología de la tortuga “Bache” (Chelydra serpentina acutirostris). Caldasia 11: 41–101.

Medina-Rangel, G.F., Cárdenas-Arévalo, G. (2015): Relaciones espaciales y alimenticias del ensamblaje de reptiles del complejo cenagoso de Zapatosa, departamento del Cesar (Colombia). Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 55: 143–165.

Methner, K. (1989): Die Schildkröten des unteren rio Magdalena (Kolumgien). Sauria 11: 9–11.

Mociño-Deloya, E. (2016): Ecología trófica de tres especies de serpientes de cascabel en México: Crotalus aquilus, Crotalus polystictus y Crotalus willardi. Tesis Doctoral, Universidad de Granada, España.

Moll, D. (1990): Population sizes and foraging ecology in a tropical freshwater stream turtle community. Journal of Herpetology. 24: 48–53.

Moll, E. O., Legler., J.M. (1971): The life history of a neotropical slider turtle, Pseudemys scripta (Schoepff), in Panama. Bulletin of the Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History 11: 1–102.

Monares, R., J.M. (2006): Dieta y uso del microhábitat de Bolitoglossa nicefori (Caudata: Plethodontidae) en Piedecuesta. Tesis de Pregrado, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga.

Monge-Nájera, J., Moreva-Brenes, B. (1987): Notes on the feeding behavior of a juvenile mud turtle Kinosternon scorpioides. Herpetological Review 18: 7–9.

Morales-Verdeja, S.A., Vogt, R.C. (1997): Terrestrial movements in relation to aestivation and the annual reproductive cycle of Kinosternon leucostomum. Copeia 1997: 123–130.

Moskovits, D.K., Bjorndal, K.A. (1990). Diet and food preferences of the tortoises Geochelone carbonaria and G. denticulata in northwestern Brazil. Herpetologica 46: 207-218.

Muñoz-Guerrero, J., Serrano, V.H., Ramírez-Pinilla, M.P. (2007): Uso de microhábitat, dieta y tiempo de actividad en cuatro especies simpátricas de ranas hílidas neotropicales (Anura: Hylidae). Caldasia 29: 413–425.

Natchev, N., Heiss, E., Singer, K., Kummer, S., Salaberger, D., Weisgram, J. (2011): Structure and function of the feeding apparatus in the common musk turtle Sternotherus odoratus (Chelonia, Kinosternidae). Contributions to Zoology 80: 143–156.

Nemes, S., Vogrin, M., Hartel, T., Öllerer, K. (2006): Habitat selection at the sand lizard (Lacerta agilis): ontogenetic shifts. Northwestern Journal of Zoology 2: 17–26.

Oda, W.Y. (2008): Microhabitat utilization and population density of the lizard Gonatodes humeralis (Guichenot, 1855) (Reptilia: Squamata: Gekkonidae) in forest areas in Manaus, Amazon, Brazil. Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi Ciências Naturais 3: 165–177.

Páez, V.P. (2012): Generalidades y estado de conservación del orden Testudines. Págs. 57-68. En: Páez, V.P., Morales-Betancourt, M.A. Lasso, C.A., Castaño-Mora, O.V., Bock, B.C. (Eds). Biología y Conservación de las Tortugas Continentales de Colombia. Serie Editorial Recursos Hidrobiológicos y Pesqueros Continentales de Colombia. Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, Bogotá.

Pérez-Anaya, O., Blanco-Cervantes, G. (2016): Ecología trófica del “sapo cuerno” (Ceratophrys calcarata, Boulenger 1890) (Anura: Ceratophryidae), en La Avianca, Magdalena, Colombia. Revista de Biodiversidad Neotropical 6: 27–39.

Pfaller, J.B., Herrera, N.D., Gignac, P.M., Erickson, G.M. (2010): Ontogenetic scaling of cranial morphology and bite‐force generation in the loggerhead musk turtle. Journal of Zoology 280: 280–289.

Pianka, E.R., Huey, R.B. (1978): Comparative ecology, resource utilization and niche segregation among gekkonid lizards in the southern Kalahari. Copeia 1978: 691-701.

Posso-Peláez, C., Blanco-Torres, A., Gutiérrez-Moreno, L.C. (2017): Uso de microhábitats, actividad diaria y dieta de Dendrobates truncatus (Anura: Dendrobatidae) en bosque seco tropical del norte de Colombia. Acta Zoológica Mexicana 33: 490–502.

Pough, F.H., Andrews, R.M., Cadle, J.E., Crump, M.L., Savitzky, A.H., Wells, K.D. (1998): Herpetology. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River. Pritchard, P.C.H., Trebbau, P. (1984). The Turtles of Venezuela. Contributions to Herpetology, Number 2. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles SSAR, Michigan.

Ramos-Pallares, E., Anaya-Rojas, J.M., Serrano-Cardozo, V.H., Ramírez-Pinilla, M.P. (2015): Feeding and reproductive ecology of Bachia bicolor (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae) in urban ecosystems from Colombia. Journal of Herpetology 49: 108–117.

Regalado-Tabares, A.C., Botero-Botero, Á., Múnera-Isaza, C., Ortega-Guío, A.F., Restrepo-Isaza, A. (2012): Chelydra acutirostris. Págs. 275-278 En: Páez, V.P., Morales-Betancourt, M.A., Lasso, C.A., Castaño-Mora, O.V., Bock, B.C. (Eds). Biología y Conservación de las Tortugas Continentales de Colombia. Serie Editorial Recursos Hidrobiológicos y Pesqueros Continentales de Colombia. Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, Bogotá.

Rojas-Murcia, L.E., Carvajal-Cogollo, J.E., Cabrejo-Bello, J.A. (2016): Reptiles del bosque seco estacional en el Caribe Colombiano: distribución de los hábitats y del recurso alimentario. Acta Biológica Colombiana 21: 365-377.

Rueda-Almonacid, J.V., Carr, J.L., Mittermeier, R.A., Rodríguez-Mahecha, J.V., Mast, R.B.,Vogt, R.C., Rhodin, A.J.G., de la Ossa-Velásquez, J., Rueda, J.N., Goettsch-Mittermeier M.C. (2007): Las Tortugas y los Cocodrilianos de los Países Andinos del Trópico. Serie de guías tropicales de campo 6. Conservación Internacional. Editorial Panamericana, Formas e Impresos, Bogotá.

Saporito, R.A., Garraffo, H.M., Donnelly, M.A., Edward, A.L., Longino, J.T., Daly, J.W. (2004): Formicine ants: an arthropod source for the pumiliotoxin alkaloids of dendrobatid poison frogs. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 101: 8045–8050

Sasa, M., Wasko, D.K., Lamar, W.W. (2009): Natural history of the terciopelo Bothrops asper (Serpentes: Viperidae) in Costa Rica. Toxicon 54: 904–922.

Savage, J.M. (2002): The Amphibians and Reptiles of Costa Rica: A Herpetofauna between Two Continents, between Two Seas. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

Silva, T.F., Andrade, B.F., Teixeira, R.F., Giovanell, M. (2003): Ecología de Ameiva ameiva (Sauria, Teiidae) na Restinga de Guriri, São Mateus, Espírito Santo, sudeste do Brasil. Boletim do Museu Biologia Mello Leitão 15: 5–15.

Smith, G.R., Ballinger, R.E. (2001): The ecological consequences oI habitat and microhabitat use in lizards: a review. Contemporary Herpetology 3: 1–18.

Solé, M., RÄdder, D. (2009): Dietary assessments of adult amphibians. Pags. 167-184. En: Dodd, C.K. (Ed). Amphibian Ecology and Conservation: A HandbooN oI Techniques. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

Strong, J.N., Fragoso, J.M. (2006): Seed dispersal by Geochelone carbonaria and Geochelone denticulata in northwestern Brazil. Biotropica 38: 683–686.

Teran, A.F., Vogt, R.C., Gomez, M.D. (1995): Food habits oI an assemblage oI five species oI turtles in the rio Guapore, Rondonia, Brazil. Journal oI Herpetology 29: 536–547.

Toft, C.A. (1980): Feeding ecology of thirteen syntopic species of anurans in a seasonal tropical environment. Oecologia 141: 131–141.

Toledo, L.F., Ribeiro, R.S., Haddad, C.F. (2007): Anurans as prey: an exploratory analysis and size relationships between predators and their prey. Journal of Zoology 271: 170–177.

Urbina-Cardona, J.N., Londoño-Murcia, M.C., García-Ávila, D.G. (2008): Dinámica espacio-temporal en la diversidad de serpientes en cuatro hábitats con diferente grado de alteración antropogénica en el Parque Nacional Natural Isla Gorgona, Pacífico colombiano. Caldasia 30: 479–493.

Vanzolini, P.E., Ramos, C.A., Vitt, L.J. (1980): Répteis das Caatingas. Academia Brasileira de Ciências, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.

Vidal, M.A., Labra, A. (2008): Dieta de anfibios y reptiles. Págs. 453–482. En: Vidal, M.A., Labra, A. (Eds). Herpetología de Chile. Science Verlag, Santiago.

Vitt, L.J., Caldwell, J.P. (2014): Herpetology: An Introductory Biology of Amphibians and Reptiles. 4th edition. Academic Press, San Diego.

Vitt, L.J., Zani, P.A. (1998): Prey use among sympatric lizard species in lowland rain forest of Nicaragua. Journal of Tropical Ecology 14: 537–559.

Vogt, R.C. (2008): Amazon Turtles. Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia INPA. Trust Editions, Grafica Biblos, Lima, Perú.

Vogt, R.C., Guzmán, S. (1988): Food partitioning in a neotropical freshwater turtle community. Copeia 1998: 37–47.

Winck, G.R., Blanco, C.C., Cechin, S.Z. (2011): Population ecology of Tupinambis merianae (Squamata, Teiidae): home-range, activity and space use. Animal Biology 61: 493–510.

Zamora-Abrego, J.G., Ortega-León, A.M. (2016): Ecología trófica de la lagartija Xenosaurus mendozai (Squamata: enosauridae) en el estado de Querétaro, México. Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad 87: 140–149.

Acuña-Vargas, J.C., Bastidas-Molina, B., Yepes-Pérez, Y. (2015): Anfibios y reptiles asociados a bosque seco tropical en dos localidades del departamento de la Guajira. Ciencia e Ingeniería 2: 1-10.

Alberts, A.C. (1989): Ultraviolet visual sensitivity in desert iguanas: implications for pheromone detection. Animal Behavior 38: 129-137.

Alford, R.A. (1999): Ecology: resource use, competition, and predation. Págs. 240-278. En: Tadpoles: the Biology of Anuran Larvae. McDiarmid, R.W., Altig, R. (Eds). University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

Almeida-Santos, S.M., Abdalla, F.M.F., Silveira, P.F., Yamanouye, N., Breno, M.C., Salmão, M.G. (2004): Reproductive cycle of the Neotropical Crotalus durissus terrificus: I. Seasonal levels and interplay between steroid hormones and vasotocinase. General and Comparative Endocrinology 139: 143-150.

Amézquita, A., Castro, L., Arias, M., González, M., Esquivel, C. (2013): Field but not lab paradigms support generalisation by predators of aposematic polymorphic prey: the Oophagy histrionic complex. Evolutionary Ecology 27: 769-782.

Andersson, M. (1994): Sexual Selection. Princeton University Press, Princeton.

Andrade, D.V., Nascimento, L.B., Abe, A.S. (2006): Habits hidden underground: a review on the reproduction of the Amphisbaenia with notes on four neotropical species. Amphibia-Reptilia 27: 207-217.

Angarita-Sierra, T., Lopez, C.A. (2019): Great food is like great sex: exploring the reproductive ecology of the semifossorial snake Ninia atrata. South American Journal of Herpetology en prensa.

Arak, A. (1983): Male-male competition and mate choice in anuran amphibians. Págs. 181-210. En: Mate Choice. Bateson, P. (Ed). Cambridge University Press, Cambrigde.

Bakhuis, W.L. (1982): Size and sexual differentiation in the lizard Iguana on a semi-arid island. Journal of Herpetology 16: 322-325.

Balshine, S. (2012): Patterns of parental care in vertebrates. Págs. 62-76. En: The Evolution of Parental Care. Royle, N.J., Smiseth, P.T., Kolliker, M. (Eds). Oxford University Press, Oxford.

Barros, V.A., Ruiz-Sueiro, L., Almeida-Santos, S.M. (2012): Reproductive biology of the neotropical rattlesnake Crotalus durissus from northeastern Brazil: a test of phylogenetic conservatism of reproductive patterns. The Herpetological Journal 22: 97-104.

Bee, M.A. (2016): Social recognition in anurans. Págs. 169-221. En: Psychological Mechanisms in Animal Communication 5. Bee, M.A., Miller, C.T. (Eds). Springer Nature, New York.

Bernal, X.E., Rand, A.S., Ryan, M.J. (2006): Acoustic preferences and localization performance of blood-sucking flies (Corethrella coquillett) to túngara frog calls. Behavioral Ecology 17: 709-715.

Blackburn, D.G. (2006): Squamate reptiles as model organisms for the evolution of viviparity. Herpetological Monographs 20: 131-146.

Blaustein, A.R., Walls, S.C. (1995): Aggregation and kin recognition. Págs. 568-602. En: Amphibian Biology 2: Social Behavior. Heatwole, H., Sullivan, B.K. (Eds). Surrey Beatty & Sons, Chipping Norton.

Blumstein, D.T., Turner, A.C. (2005): Can the acoustic adaptation hypothesis predict the structure of Australian birdsong? Acta Ethologica 8: 35-44.

Bosch, J., De la Riva, I. (2004): Are frog calls modulated by the environment? An analysis with anuran species from Bolivia. Canadian Journal of Zoology 82: 880-888.

Boughman, J.W. (2002): How sensory drive can promote speciation. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 17: 571-577.

Bourne, G.R. (1992): Lekking behavior in the neotropical frog Ololygon rubra. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 31: 173-180.

Bradbury, J.W., Vehrencamp, S.L. (2011): Principles of Animal Communication. 2th edition. Sinauer Associates, Inc, Sunderland.

Braz, H.B., Scartozzoni, R.R., Almeida-Santos, S.M. (2016): Reproductive modes of the South American water snakes: a study system for the evolution of viviparity in squamate reptiles. Zoologischer Anzeiger - A Journal of Comparative Zoology 263: 33-44

Brooks, D., McLennan, D. (1991): Phylogeny, Ecology, and Behavior. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

Brown, G.P., Shine, R. (2002): Reproductive ecology of a tropical natricine snake Tropidonophis mairii. Journal of Zoology 258: 63-72.

Brumm, H. (2013): Animal Communication and Noise. Series: Animal Signals and Communication 2. Springer Verlag, Berlin.

Bruner, G., Fernández-Marín, H., Touchon, J.C., Wcislo, W.T. (2012): Eggs of the blind snake, Liotyphlops albirostris, are incubated in a nest of the lower fungus-growing ant, Apterostigma cf. goniodes. Psyche: A Journal of Entomology 2012: 1-5.

Brunetti, A.E., Taboada, C.A., Faivovich, J. (2014): The reproductive biology of Hypsiboas punctatus (Anura: Hylidae) male territoriality and the possible role of different signals during female choice. Salamandra 50: 215-224.

Burger, J. (1989): Incubation temperature has longterm effects on behaviour of young pine snakes (Pituophis melanoleucus). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 24: 201-207.

Cadena-Monroy, L.A. (2009): Sobre una nueva propuesta del proceso evolutivo. Acta Biológica Colombiana 14: 217-230.

Cadle, J.E. (1985): The Neotropical colubrid snake fauna (Serpentes: Colubridae): lineage components and biogeography. Systematic Zoology 34: 1-20.

Cadle, J.E., Green, H.W. (1993): Phylogenetic patterns, biogeography, and the ecological structure of neotropical snake assemblage. Págs. 281-293. En: Species Diversity in Ecological Communities - Historical and Geographical Perspectives. Ricklefs, R.E., Schulter, D. (Eds). University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

Calderón-Espinosa, M.L., Andrews, R.M., Méndez de la Cruz, F.R. (2006): Evolution of egg retention in the Sceloporus spinosus group: exploring the role of physiological environmental, and phylogenetic factors. Herpetological Monographs 20: 147-158.

Caldwell, M.S., Johnston, G.R., McDaniel, J.G., Warkentin, K.M. (2010): Vibrational signaling in the agonistic interactions of red-eyed treefrogs. Current Biology 20: 1012-1017.

Campbell, J.A., Lamar, W.W. (2004): The Venomous Reptiles of the Western Hemisphere. Comstock Publishing Associates, Cornell University Press, Ithaca.

Campos, Z., Magnusson, W. (1995): Relationships between rainfall, nesting habitat and fecundity of Caiman crocodilus yacare in the Pantanal, Brazil. Journal of Tropical Ecology 11: 351-358.

Carpenter, C.C. (1977): Communication and displays of snakes. The American Zoologist 17: 217- 223.

Castaño-Mora, O.V. (2002): Libro rojo de reptiles de Colombia. Serie Libros Rojos de Especies Amenazadas de Colombia. Instituto de Ciencias Naturales - Universidad Nacional de Colombia y Ministerio del Medio Ambiente. Bogotá, Colombia.

Censky, E.J., McCoy, C.J. (1988): Female reproductive cycles of five species of snakes (Reptilia: Colubridae) from the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. Biotropica 20: 326-333.

Chiaraviglio, M., Bertona, M., Sironi, M., Lucino, S. (2003): Intrapopulation variation in life history traits of Boa constrictor occidentalis in Argentina. Amphibia-Reptilia 24: 65-74.

Clutton-Brock, T. (2007): Sexual selection in males and females. Science 318: 1882-1885.

Cocroft, R.B., Gogala, M., Hill, P.S.M., Wessel, A. (2014): Studying vibrational communication. Págs. 249-274. En: Animal Signals and Communication. Janik, V.M., McGregor, P. (Eds). Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

Colli, G.R. (1991): Reproductive ecology of Ameiva ameiva (Sauria, Teiidae) in the Cerrado of central Brazil. Copeia 1991: 1002-1012.

Colli, G.R., Zamboni, D.S. (1999): Ecology of the worm-lizard Amphisbaena alba in the Cerrado of Central Brazil. Copeia 1999: 753-742.

Cooper Jr, W.E. (2007): Lizard chemical senses, chemosensory behavior, and foraging mode. Págs. 237-270. En: Lizard Ecology. Reilly, S.M., McBrayer, L.B., Miles, D.B. (Eds). Cambridge University Press, Cambrigde.

Correa-H, J.C., Cano-Castaño, A.M., Páez, V.P., Restrepo, A. (2010): Reproductive ecology of the Magdalena river turtle (Podocnemis lewyana) in the Mompos depression, Colombia. Chelonian Conservation and Biology 9: 70-78.

Cronin, T.W., Johnsen, S., Marshall, N.J., Warrant, E.J. (2014): Visual Ecology. Princeton University Press, Princeton.

David, G.F., Lewis, T.R. (2011): Hatching neonates of Sibon annulatus (Günther, 1872) in a Manicaria swamp forest, Costa Rica. Herpetology Notes 4: 269.

De Fazio, A., Simon, C.A., Middendorf, G.A., Romano, D. (1977): Iguanid substrate licking: a response to novel situations in Sceloporus jarrovi. Copeia 1977: 706-709.

Delia, J., Cisneros-Heredia, D.F., Whitney, J., Murrieta-Galindo, R. (2010): Observations on the reproductive behavior of a Neotropical glassfrog, Hyalinobatrachium fleischmanni (Anura: Centrolenidae). South American Journal of Herpetology 5: 1-12.

Delia, J., Bravo‐Valencia, L., Warkentin, K.M. (2017): Patterns of parental care in Neotropical glassfrogs: fieldwork alters hypotheses of sex‐role evolution. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 30: 898-914.

Díaz-Merlano, J.M. (2006): Bosque Seco Tropical Colombia. Banco de Occidente, Colombia.

Díaz-Pérez, J.A., Sampedro-Marin, A.C., Ramírez-Pinilla, M.P. (2017): Actividad reproductiva y dieta de Hemidactylus frenatus (Sauria: Gekkonidae) en el norte de Colombia. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 57: 459-472.

Dirzo, R., Young, H.S., Mooney, H.A., Ceballos, G. (2011): Seasonally Dry Tropical Forests: Ecology and Conservation. Island Press, Washington.

dos Santos-Costa, M.C., Prudente, A.L., Di-Bernardo, M. (2006): Reproductive biology of Tantilla melanocephala (Linnaeus, 1758)

(Serpentes, Colubridae) from eastern Amazonia, Brazil. Journal of Herpetology 40: 556-559.

Dobkin, D.S., Gettinger, R.D. (1985): Thermal aspects of anuran foam nests. Journal of Herpetology 19: 271-275.

Duellman, W.E., Trueb, L. (1994): Biology of Amphibians. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.

Duellman, W.E., Thomas, R. (1996): Anuran amphibians from a seasonally dry forest in southeastern Peru and comparisons of the anurans among the sites in the Upper Amazon Basin. Occasional Papers of the Natural History Museum University of Kansas 180: 1-34.

Eldredge, N., Gould, S.J. (1972): Punctuated equilibria: an alternative to phyletic gradualism. Págs. 82-115. En: Models in Paleobiology. Schopf, T.J.M. (Ed). Freeman Cooper and Co, San Francisco.

Emlen, S.T., Oring, L.W. (1977): Ecology, sexual selection, and the evolution of mating systems. Science 197: 215-223.

Endler, J.A. (1992): Signals, signal conditions and the direction of evolution. The American Naturalist 139: S125-S153.

Ey, E., Fischer, J. (2009): The “acoustic adaptation hypothesis”. A review of the evidence from birds, anurans and mammals. Bioacoustics 19: 21-48.

Falcón, W., Ackerman, J.D., Recart, W., Daehler, C.C. (2013): Biology and impacts of Pacific Island invasive species. 10. Iguana iguana, the Green Iguana (Squamata: Iguanidae). Pacific Science 67: 157-186.

Fitzgerald, F.S. (1945): The note-books. Págs. 127-128. En: The Crack-Up. Wilson, E. (Ed). New Directions, New York.

Fitzgerald, L.A., Chani, J.M., Donadio, O.E. (1991): Tupinambis lizards in Argentina: Implementing management of a traditionally exploited resource. Págs. 303-316. En: Neotropical Wildlife: Use and Conservation. Robinson, J., Redford, K. (Eds). University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

Fleishman, L.J. (1992): The influence of the sensory system and the environment on motion patterns in the visual displays of anoline lizards and other vertebrates. The American Naturalist 139: S36-S61.

Fleishman, L.J. (2000): Signal function, signal efficiency and the evolution of anoline lizard dewlap color. Págs. 209-236. En: Animal Signals: Signalling and Signal Design in Animal Communication. Espmark, Y., Amundsen, T., Rosenqvist, G. (Eds). Tapir Academic Press, Trondheim.

Fleishman, L.J., Leal, M., Persons, M.H. (2009): Habitat light and dewlap color diversity in four species of Puerto Rican anoline lizards. Journal of Comparative Physiology A 195: 1043-1060.

Fritzsch, B., Ryan, M.J., Wilczynski, W., Hetherington, T.E., Walkowiak, W.E. (1988): The Evolution of the Amphibian Auditory System. John Wiley & Sons Inc, New York.

Gaiarsa, M.P., de Alencar, L.R.V., Martins, M. (2013): Natural history of Pseudoboine snakes. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 53: 261‑283.

Gans, C. (1996): An overview of parental care among the Reptilia. Advances in the Study of Behavior 25: 145-157.

Gao, J.F., Qu, Y.F., Luo L.G, Ji, X. (2010): Evolution of reptilian viviparity: a test of the maternal manipulation hypothesis in a temperate snake, Gloydius brevicaudus (Viperidae). Zoological Science 27: 248-255.

Gerhardt, H.C. (1991): Female mate choice in treefrogs: static and dynamic acoustic criteria. Animal Behaviour 42: 615-635.

Gerhardt, H.C., Huber, F. (2002): Acoustic communication in insects and anurans: common problems and diverse solutions. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

Goldberg, S.R. (2004): Notes on the reproduction in the false coral snakes, Erythrolamprus bizona and E. mimus (Serpentes: Colubridae) from Costa Rica. The Texas Journal of Science 56: 171-174.

Gomez, D., Richardson, C., Lengagne, T., Plenet, S., Joly, P., Léna, J.P., Théry, M. (2009): The role of nocturnal vision in mate choice: females prefer conspicuous males in the European tree frog (Hyla arborea). Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 276: 2351-2358.

Gomez, D., Théry, M. (2004): Influence of ambient light on the evolution of colour signals: comparative analysis of a Neotropical rainforest bird community. Ecology Letters 7: 279-284.

Gómez-González, J.J., Narváez-Barandica, J.C., Báez, L., Patiño-Flórez, E. (2017): Ecología de la anidación de Crocodylus acutus (Reptilia: Crocodylidae) en Bahía Portete, La Guajira, Colombia. Revista de Biología Tropical 65: 211-228.

Gómez-González, J.J., Narváez-Barandica, J.C., Báez, L., Patiño-Flórez, E. (2017): Ecología de la anidación de Crocodylus acutus (Reptilia: Crocodylidae) en Bahía Portete, La Guajira, Colombia. Revista de Biología Tropical 65: 211-228.

Gómez-Mestre, I., Pyron, R.A., Wiens, J.J. (2012): Phylogenetic analyses reveal unexpected patterns in the evolution of reproductive modes in frogs. Evolution 66: 3687-3700.

Grether, G.F., Kolluru, G.R., Nersissian, K. (2004): Individual colour patches as multicomponent signals. Biological Reviews 79: 583-610.

Guerrero, S.M., Calderón, M.L., de Pérez, G.R., Ramírez-Pinilla, M.P. (2003): Annual reproductive activity of caiman Crocodilus fuscus in captivity. Zoo Biology 22: 121-133.

Gutiérrez-Cárdenas, P.D.A. (2006a): Embryonic olfactory learning in larvae of Smilisca phaeota (Cope, 1862) (Anura: Hylidae). Actualidades Biológicas 28: 59-65.

Gutiérrez-Cárdenas, P.D.A. (2006b): Smilisca phaeota (Cope, 1862) (Anura: Hylidae) tadpoles do not discriminate between siblings and non-siblings. Actualidades Biológicas 28: 171-177.

Halpern, M. (1992): Nasal chemical senses in reptiles: structure and function. Págs. 423-523. En: Biology of the Reptilia. Gans, C., Crews, D. (Eds). University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

Hartmann, M.T., Giasson, L.O., Hartmann, P.A., Haddad, C.F. (2005): Visual communication in Brazilian species of anurans from the Atlantic forest. Journal of Natural History 39: 1675-1685.

Herrera, E.A., Robinson, M.D. (2000): Reproductive and fat body cycles of the tegu lizard, Tupinambis teguixin, in the Llanos of Venezuela. Journal of Herpetology 34: 598-601.

Hews, D.K., Martins, E.P. (2013): Visual and chemical signals of social communication: providing the link to habitat and environment. Págs. 111-142. En: Reptiles in Research: Investigations of Ecology, Physiology and Behavior from Desert to Sea. Lutterschmidt, W. (Ed). Nova Science Publishers, New York.

Hibbitts, T.J., Whiting, M.J., Stuart-Fox, D.M. (2007): Shouting the odds: vocalization signals status in a lizard. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 61: 1169-1176.

Hodges, W.L. (2004): Evolution of viviparity in horned lizards (Phrynosoma): testing the cold-climate hypothesis. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 17: 1230-1237.

Hoff, V.S.K., Blaustein, A.R., McDiarmid, R.W., Altig, R. (1999): Behavior. Interactions and their consequences. Págs. 215-239. En: Tadpoles. The Biology of Anuran Larvae. McDiarmid, R.W., Altig, R. (Eds). The University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

Holdridge, L.R. (1967): Life zone ecology, photographic supplement prepared by Tosi, J.A. Revised edition. San José, Tropical Science Center, San Jose.

Hödl, W., Amézquita, A. (2001): Visual signaling in anuran amphibians. Págs. 121-141. En: Anuran Communication. Ryan, M.J. (Ed). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington.

Keiser, E.D. (1967): A monographic study of the Neotropical vine snake, Oxybelis aeneus (Wagler). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses.

Lazcano-Barrero, M.A., Gongora-Arones, E. (1993): Observation and review of the nesting and egg-laying of Corytophanes cristatus (Iguanidae). Bulletin of the Maryland Herpetological Society 29: 67-75.

Lee, J.C. (1993): Geographic variation in size and shape of neotropical frogs: a precipitation gradient analysis. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas: 1-20.

León, J.R., Ruiz, L.J. (1971): Reproducción de la lagartija, Ameiva bifrontata (Sauria: Teiidae). Caribbean Journal of Science 11: 195-201.

Lewis, E.R., Narins, P.M. (1985): Do frogs communicate with seismic signals? Science 227: 187-189.

Lillywhite, H.B. (2014): How snakes work: structure, function, and behavior of the world’s snakes. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

Losos, J., B. (1985): An experimental demonstration of the species-recognition role in Anolis dewlap color. Copeia 1985: 905-910.

Losos, J.B. (2009): Lizards in an Evolutionary Tree: Ecology and Adaptive Radiation of Anoles. University of California Press, Berkeley.

Lourdais, O., Shine, R., Bonnet, X., Brischoux, F. (2006): Sex differences in body composition, performance and behaviour in the Colombian rainbow boa (Epicrates cenchria maurus, Boidae). Journal of Zoology 269: 175-182.

Lynch, J.D. (2006): The tadpoles of frogs and toads found in the lowlands of northern Colombia. Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales 30: 443-457.

Lynch, J.D. (2009): Snakes of the genus Oxyrhopus (Colubridae: Squamata) in Colombia: taxonomy and geographic variation. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 49: 319-337.

Maan, M.E., Hofker, K.D., van Alphen, J.J.., Seehausen, O. (2006): Sensory drive in cichlid speciation. The American Naturalist 167: 947-954.

Macedonia, J.M., Clark, D.L., Tamasi, A.L. (2014): Does selection favor dewlap color that maximize detectability? A test with five species of Jamaican Anolis lizards. Herpetologica 70: 157-170.

MacGinnis, S.M., Moore, R.G. (1969): Thermoregulation in the Boa constrictor. Herpetologica 25: 38-45.

Magnusson, W.E. (1987). Reproductive cycles of teiid lizards in Amazonian savanna. Journal of Herpetology 21: 307-316.

Marcellini, D.L. (1974): Acoustic behavior of the gekkonid lizard, Hemidactylus frenatus. Herpetologica 30: 44-52.

Marcellini, D. (1977): Acoustic and visual display behavior of gekkonid lizards. The American Zoologist 17: 251-260.

Markl, H. (1983) Vibrational communication. Págs. 332-353. En: Neuroethology and Behavioral Physiology. Huber, H., Markl, H. (Eds). Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

Marler, P., Slabbekoorn, H. (2004): Nature’s music: The science of birdsong. Elsevier Academic Press, San Diego.

Marques, O.A.V. (1996): Biología reproductiva da cobra-coral Erythrolamprus aesculapii Linnaeus (Colubridae), no Sudeste do Brasil. Revista Brasileira do Zoologia 13: 747·753.

Marques, O.A.V., Muniz-Da-Silva, D.F., Bardo, F.E., Travaglia-Cardoso, S.R., Maia, D.C., Almeida-Santos, S.M. (2014): Ecology of the Colubrid snake Spilotes pullatus from the Atlantic forest of southeastern Brazil. Herpetologica 70: 407-416.

Martins, M. (1989): Deimatic behavior in Pleurodema brachyops. Journal of Herpetology 23: 305-307.

Maynard-Smith, J., Haper, D. (2003): Animal signals. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

McCoy, J.K., Baird, T.A., Fox, S.F. (2003): Sexual selection, social behavior, and the environmental potential for polygyny. Págs. 149-171. En: Lizard Social Behavior. Fox, S.F., McCoy, J.K., Baird, T.A. (Eds). Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore.

Medem, F. (1981): Los Crocodylia de Sur América, Vol. I. Colciencias, Bogotá., Colombia.

Méndez-Narváez, J., Flechas, S.V., Amézquita, A. (2015): Foam nests provide context-dependent thermal insulation to embryos of three Leptodactylid frogs. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 88: 246-253.

Mendoza-Roldán, J.S. (2017): Observations on the courtship behavior and nesting in Phyllomedusa venusta (Anura: Phyllomedusidae) from a seasonally dry forest in Colombia. Phyllomedusa 16: 201-209.

Miller, J.D., Dinkelacker, S.A. (2008): Reproductive structure and strategies of turtles. Págs. 225-278. En: Biology of Turtles. Wyneken, J., Godfrey, M.H., Bels, V. (Eds). CRC Press, Madrid.

Mojica, B.H., Rey, B.H., Serrano, V.H., Ramírez-Pinilla, M.P. (2003): Annual reproductive activity of a population of Cnemidophorus lemniscatus (Squamata: Teiidae). Journal of Herpetology 37: 35-42.

Moncrieff, P.W. (1967): The Chemical Senses. 3th edition. Leonard Hill, Londres.

Morales-Betancourt, M.A., Lasso, C.A., De La Ossa., J., Fajardo-Patiño, A. (2013): Biología y Conservación de los Crocodylia de Colombia. Serie Editorial Recursos Hidrobiológicos y Pesqueros Continentales de Colombia VIII. Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, Bogotá, Colombia.

Morton, E.S. (1975): Ecological sources of selection on avian sounds. The American Naturalist 109: 17-34.

Narins, P.M., Smith, S.L. (1986): Clinal variation in anuran advertisement calls: basis for acoustic isolation? Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 19: 135-142.

Narins, P.M., Hödl, W., Grabul, D.S. (2003): Bimodal signal requisite for agonistic behavior in a dart-poison frog, Epipedobates femoralis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 100: 577-580.

Narins, P.M., Feng, A.S., Fay, R.R., Popper, A.N. (2007): Hearing and Sound Communication in Amphibians. Springer Science & Business, New York.

Neal, D. (2004): Introduction to Population Biology. 1th edition. Cambridge University Press, Cambrigde.

Ord, T. J., Martins, E. P. (2006): Tracing the origins of signal diversity in anole lizards: phylogenetic approaches to inferring the evolution of complex behaviour. Animal Behaviour 71: 1411-1429.

O´Shea, M. (2007): Boas and Pythons of the World. Princeton University Press, Princeton.

Parsons, T.S. (1959): Studies on the comparative embryology of the reptilian nose. Bulletin of the Musseum of Comparative Zoology 120: 103-277.

Pianka, E.P., Vitt, L.J. (2006): Lizards: Windows to the Evolution of Diversity. University of California Press, Berkeley.

Pizano, C., Cabrera, M., García, H. (2014): Bosque seco tropical en Colombia; generalidades y contexto. Págs. 37-47. En: El Bosque Seco Tropical en Colombia. Pizano, C., García, H. (Eds). Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt. Bogotá.

Pizzatto, L. (2005): Body size, reproductive biology and abundance of the rare pseudoboini snakes genera Clelia and Boiruna (Serpentes, Colubridae) in Brazil. Phyllomedusa 4: 111-122.

Pizzatto, L., Jordão, R.S., Marques, O.A.V. (2008a): Overview of reproductive strategies in Xenodontini (Serpentes: Colubridae: Xenodontinae) with new data for Xenodon neuwiedii and Waglerophis merremii. Journal of Herpetology 42: 153-162.

Pizzatto, L., Cantor, M., De Oliveira, J.L., Marques, O.A., Capovilla, V., Martins, M. (2008b): Reproductive ecology of dipsadine snakes, with emphasis on South American species. Herpetologica 64: 168-179.

Pough, F.H., Andrews, R.M., Crump, M.L., Savitzky, A.H., Wells, K.D., Brandley, M.C. (2016): Herpetology. 4th edition. Sinauer Associates, Inc, Sunderland.

Preininger, D., Boeckle, M., Freudmann, A., Starnberger, I., Sztatecsny, M., Hödl, W. (2013): Multimodal signaling in the Small Torrent Frog (Micrixalus saxicola) in a complex acoustic environment. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 67: 1449-1456.

Qualls, C.P., Andrews, M.R. (1999): Cold climates and the evolution of viviparity in reptiles: cold incubation temperatures produce poor-quality offspring in the lizard, Sceloporus virgatus. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 67: 353-376.

Quesnel, V.C. (2006): Reproductive behaviour of the Neotropical gecko Thecadactylus rapicauda (Houttuyn). Living World, Journal of the Trinidad and Tobago Field Naturalists’ Club 2006: 38-43.

Ramos-Pallares, M.P., Serrano-Cardozo, V.H., Ramírez-Pinilla, M.P. (2015a): Reproduction of Ptychoglossus bicolor (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae) in an Andean coffee shade plantation in Colombia. South American Journal of Herpetology 5: 143-150.

Ramos-Pallares, M.P., Anaya-Rojas, J.M., Serrano-Cardozo, V.H., Ramírez-Pinilla, M.P. (2015b): Feeding and reproductive ecology of Bachia bicolor (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae) in urban ecosystems from Colombia. Journal of Herpetology 49: 108-117.

Rand, A.S., Ryan, M.J. (1981): The adaptive significance of a complex vocal repertoire in a neotropical frog. Ethology 57: 209-214.

Reyes-García, C., Mejia-Chang, M., Griffiths, H. (2012): High but not dry: diverse epiphytic bromeliad adaptations to exposure within a seasonally dry tropical forest community. New Phytologist 193: 745-754.

Rodríguez, M.Á., Belmontes, J.A., Hawkins, B.A. (2005): Energy, water and large-scale patterns of reptile and amphibian species richness in Europe. Acta Oecologica 28: 65-70.

Rojas, B. (2016): Behavioural, ecological, and evolutionary aspects of diversity in frog colour patterns. Biological Reviews 92: 1059-1080.

Rosenthal, G.G., Rand, A.S., Ryan, M.J. (2004): The vocal sac as a visual cue in anuran communication: an experimental analysis using video playbacks. Animal Behavior 68: 55-58.

Ross, P.J., Crews, D. (1977): Influence of the seminal plug on mating behaviour in the garter snake. Nature 267: 344-345.

Roze, J.A. (1966): La Taxonomía y Zoogeografía de los Ofidios en Venezuela, Universidad Central de Venezuela.

Rueda-Almonacid, J.V., Carr, J.L., Mittermeier, R.A., Rodríguez-Mahecha, J.V., Mast, R.B., Vogt, R.C., Rhodin, A.G.J., Ossa-Velásquez, J., Rueda, J.N., Goettsch- Mittermeier, C. (2007): Las Tortugas y los Cocodrilianos de los Países Andinos del Trópico. Editorial Panamericana, Formas e Impresos. Conservación Internacional Colombia.

Ruibal, R., Philibosian, R., Adkins, J. L. (1972): Reproductive cycle and growth in the lizard Anolis acutus. Copeia 1972: 509-518.

Ruxton, G.D., Sherratt, T.N., Speed, M.P. (2018): Avoiding Attack: The Evolutionary Ecology of Crypsis, Warning Signals and Mimicry. 2th edition. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

Ryan, M.J. (1985): The túngara frog: a study in sexual selection and communication. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

Ryan, M.J. (2001): Anuran Communication. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington.

Ryan, M.J. (2011): Sexual selection: A tutorial from the túngara frog. Págs. 185-203. En: In Light of Evolution, Essays from the Laboratory and Field. Losos, J.B. (Ed). Roberts and Company, Greenwood Village.

Ryan, M.J., Tuttle, M.D., Rand, A.S. (1982): Bat predation and sexual advertisement in a Neotropical anuran. The American Naturalist 119: 136-139.

Ryan, M.J., Tuttle, M.D., S., R.A. (1982): Bat predation and sexual advertisement in a Neotropical anuran. The American Naturalist 19: 136-139.

Salomão, M.d., Santos, S.M.A., Puorto, G. (1995): Activity pattern of Crotalus durissus (Viperidae, Crotalinae): feeding, reproduction and snakebite. Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment 30: 101-106.

Saporito, R.A., Zuercher, R., Roberts, M., Gerow, K.G., Donnelly, M.A. (2007): Experimental evidence for aposematism in the dendrobatid poison frog Oophaga pumilio. Copeia 2007: 1006-1011.

Sasa, M., Wasko, D.K., Lamar, W.W. (2009): Natural history of the terciopelo Bothrops asper (Serpentes: Viperidae) in Costa Rica. Toxicon 54: 904-922.

Savage, J.M. (2002): The Amphibians and Reptiles of Costa Rica. A Herpetofauna Between Two Continents, Between Two Seas. Chicago University Press, Chicago.

Savage, J.M., Villa, J. (1986): An introduction to the Herpetofauna of Costa Rica. Contributions in Herpetology, Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles SSAR 3: 1-107.

Schaefer, H.M., Ruxton, G. D. (2011): Plant-animal communication. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

Schulte, L.M., Yeager, J., Schulte, R., Veith, M., Werner, P., Beck, L.A., Lötters, S. (2011): The smell of success: choice of larval rearing sites by means of chemical cues in a Peruvian poison frog. Animal Behavior 81: 1147-1154.

Schwartz, J.J., Bee, M.A. (2013): Anuran acoustic signal production in noisy environments. Págs. 91-132. En: Animal Communication and Noise. Brumm, H. (Ed). Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

Schwartz, J.J., Wells, K.D. (1984): Vocal behavior of the neotropical treefrog Hyla phlebodes. Herpetologica 40: 452-463.

Schwenk, K. (1985): Occurrence, distribution and functional significance of taste buds in lizards. Copeia 1985: 91-101.

Seehausen, O., Terai, Y., Magalhaes, I.S., Carleton, K.L., Mrosso, H.D.J., Miyagi, R., van der Sluijs, I., Schneider, M.V., Maan, M.E., Tachida, H., Imai, H., Okada, N. (2008): Speciation through sensory drive in cichlid fish. Nature 455: 620-623.

Serrano-Cardozo, V.H., Ramírez-Pinilla, M.P., Ortega, J.E., Cortes, L.A. (2007): Annual reproductive activity of Gonatodes albagularis (Squamata: Gekkonidae) living in an anthropic area in Santander, Colombia. South American Journal of Herpetology 2: 31-38.

Sexton, O.J., Ortleb, E.P., Hathaway, L.M., Ballinger, R.E., Licht, P. (1971): Reproductive cycles of three species of anoline lizards from the Isthmus of Panama. Ecology 52: 201-215.

Shine, R. (1985): The evolution of viviparity in reptiles: an ecological analysis. Págs. 605-694. En: Biology of the Reptilia Vol 15. Gans, C., Billett, F. (Eds). John Wiley and Sons, New York.

Shine, R. (1995): A new hypothesis for the evolution of viviparity in reptiles. The American Naturalist 145: 809-823.

Shine, R. (2003): Reproductive strategies in snakes. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 270: 995-1004.

Shine, R. (2005): Life-history evolution in reptiles. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 36: 23-46.

Shine, R. (2015): The evolution of oviparity in squamate reptiles: an adaptationist perspective. Journal of Experimental Zoology B 324: 487-492.

Shine, R., Thompson, M.B. (2006): Did embroyonic responses to incubation conditions dirve the evolution of reproductive modes in squamate reptiles? Herpetology Monography. 20:159-171.

Siqueira, D.M., Nascimento, L.P., Montingelli, G.G., Santos-Costa, M.C.D. (2013): Geographical variation in the reproduction and sexual dimorphism of the Boddaert’s tropical racer, Mastigodryas boddaerti (Serpentes: Colubridae). Zoologia 30: 475-481.

Solórzano, A., Cerdas, L. (1989): Reproductive biology and distribution of the terciopelo, Bothrops asper Garman (Serpentes: Viperidae), in Costa Rica. Herpetologica 45: 444-450.

Starnberger, I., Poth, D., Saradhi, P., Schulz, S., Vences, M., Knudsena, J., Barej, M.F., Rodel, M.O., Walzl, M., Hödl, W. (2013): Take time to smell the frogs: vocal sac glands of reed frogs (Anura: Hyperoliidae) contain species-specific chemical cocktails. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 110: 828-838.

Starnberger, I., Preininger, D., Hödl, W. (2014): The anuran vocal sac: a tool for multimodal signalling. Animal Behavior 97: 281-288.

Staton, M.A., Dixon, J.R. (1977): Breeding biology of the spectacled caiman, Caiman crocodilus crocodilus, in the Venezuelan Llanos. US Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service Washington, D.C.

Stevens, M. (2013). Sensory ecology, behaviour, and evolution. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

Stoner, K.E., Timm, R.M. (2011): Seasonally dry tropical forest mammals: adaptations and seasonal patterns. Págs. 85-106. En: Seasonally Dry Tropical Forests, Ecology and Conservation. Dirzo R., Young, H.S., Mooney, H.A., Ceballos, G. (Eds). Island Press, Washington.

Telford, S.R. (1971): Reproductive patterns and relative abundance of two microteiid lizard species in Panama. Copeia 1971: 670-675.

Thorbjarnarson, J.B. (1986): Ecology of the American Crocodile Crocodylus acutus. Págs. 228-259. En: Crocodiles: Their Ecology, Management and Conservation. Publication Crocodile Specialist Group. IUCN- The World Conservation Union, Publ. N. S. Gland, Switzerland.

Thorbjarnarson, J.B. (1994): Reproductive ecology of the spectacled caiman (Caiman crocodilus) in the Venezuelan Llanos. Copeia 1994: 907-919.

Tinkle, D.W., Gibbons, J.W. (1977): The distribution and evolution of viviparity in reptiles. Misselaneus Publication Museum of Zoology University of Michigan 154: 1-55.

Togashi, T., Cox, P.A. (2011): The evolution of anisogamy: a fundamental phenomenon underlying sexual selection, Cambridge University Press, Cambrigde.

Townsend, J.H., McCranie, J.R., Wilson, L.D. (2004): Corytophanes cristatus. Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles. SSAR, USA.

Umbers, K.D., De Bona, S., White, T.E., Lehtonen, J., Mappes, J., Endler, J.A. (2017): Deimatism: a neglected component of antipredator defence. Biology Letters 13: 20160936.

Van Devender, R.W. (1982): Comparative demography of the lizard Basiliscus basiliscus. Herpetologica 38: 189-208.

Vargas‐Ramírez, M., del Valle, C., Ceballos, C.P., Fritz, U. (2017): Trachemys medemi n. sp. from northwestern Colombia turns the biogeography of South American slider turtles upside down. Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research 55: 326-339.

Vargas-Salinas, F., Dorado-Correa, A., Amézquita, A. (2014): Microclimate and stream noise predict geographic divergence in the auditory signal of a threatened poison frog. Biotropica 46: 748-755.

Vélez, A., Schwartz, J.J., Bee, M.A. (2013): Anuran acoustic signal perception in noisy environments. Págs. 133-186. En: Animal Communication and Noise. Brumm, H. (Ed). Springer-Verlag, New York.

Vergne, A.L., Pritz, M.B., Mathevon, N. (2009): Acoustic communication in crocodilians: from behaviour to brain. Biological Reviews 84: 391-411.

Vitt, L., Colli, G.R. (1994): Geographical ecology of a neotropical lizard: Ameiva ameiva (Teiidae) in Brazil. Canadian Journal of Zoology 72: 1986-2008.

Vitt, L., Zani, P.A. (1996): Ecology of the lizard Ameiva festiva (Teiidae) in southeastern Nicaragua. Journal of Herpetology 30: 110-117.

Vitt, L.J. (1983): Ecology of an anuran-eating guild of terrestrial tropical snakes. Herpetologica 39: 52-66.

Vitt, L., Caldwell, J.P. (2014): Herpetology. An Introductory Biology of Amphibians and Reptiles. 4th edition. Academic Press & Elsevier, London.

Waldman, B. (1991): Kin recognition in amphibians. Págs. 162-219. En: Kin Recognition. Hepper, P.G. (Ed). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Waldman, B. (2001): Kin recognition, sexual selection, and mate choice in toads. Págs. 232- 244. En: Anuran Communication. Ryan, M.J. (Ed). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington.

Wallach, V., Williams, K.L., Boundy, J. (2014): Snakes of the World: A Catalogue of Living and Extinct Species. Taylor and Francis, CRC Press, Boca Raton.

Warkentin, K.M. (1995): Adaptive plasticity in hatching age: a response to predation risk trade-offs. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 92: 3507-3510.

Warkentin, K.M. (2005): How do embryos assess risk? Vibrational cues in predator-induced hatching of red-eyed treefrogs. Animal Behaviour 70: 59-71.

Warkentin, K.M. (2011): Plasticity of hatching in amphibians: evolution, trade-offs, cues and mechanisms. Integrative and Comparative Biology 51: 111-127.

Wells, K.D. (1977). The social behaviour of anuran amphibians. Animal Behaviour 25: 666-693.

Wells, K.D. (2007): Ecology and Behavior of Amphibians. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

Wells, K.D., Schwartz, J.J. (1982): The effect of vegetation on the propagation of calls in the Neotropical frog Centrolenella fleischmanni. Herpetologica 38: 449-455.

Wilczynski, W., Ryan, M.J. (1999): Geographic variation in animal communication systems. Págs. 234-261. En: Geographic Variation in Behavior. Foster, S.A., Endler, J.A. (Eds). Oxford University Press, Oxford.

Wilson, L.D., Meyer, J.R. (1982): The Snakes of Honduras. Milwaukee Publications Museum in Biology and Geology.

Wourms, J.P. (1981): Viviparity: the maternal-fetal relationship in fishes. American Zoologist 21: 473-515.

Wyatt, T.D. (2014): Pheromones and Animal Behavior: Chemical Signals and Signatures. 2th edition. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Zamudio, K.R., Bell, R.C., Nali, R.C., Haddad, C.F., Prado, C.P. (2016): Polyandry, predation, and the evolution of frog reproductive modes. The American Naturalist 188: S41-S61.

Ziegler, L., Arim, M., Narins, P.M. (2011): Linking amphibian call structure to the environment: the interplay between phenotypic flexibility and individual attributes. Behavioral Ecology 22: 520-526.

Zimmerman, B.L. (1983): A comparison of structural features of calls of open and forest habitat frog species in the central Amazon. Herpetologica 39: 235-246.

Zug, G.R., Hedges, S.B., Sunkel, S. (1979): Variation in reproductive parameters of three neotropical snakes, Coniophanes fissidens, Dipsas catesbyi, and Imantodes cenchoa. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 300: 1-20.

Ackerly, D. (2009): Conservatism and diversification of plant functional traits: evolutionary rates versus phylogenetic signal. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106: 19699–19706.

Acosta, A.R. (2012): Anfibios de los enclaves secos del área de influencia de los Montes de Ma- ría y la Ciénaga de La Caimanera en el de- partamento de Sucre. Biota Colombiana 13: 211–231.

Allen, W.L., Street, S.E., Capellini, I. (2017): Fast life history traits promote invasion success in amphibians and reptiles. Ecology Letters 20: 222–230.

Angarita-M, O., Montes-Correa, A.C., Renjifo, J.M. (2015): Amphibians and reptiles of an agroforestry system in the Colombian Caribbean. Amphibian and Reptile Conservation 8: 19–38.

Bernal-González, V.A. (2014): Respuesta de los en- samblajes de anfibios y reptiles a los cambios en la cobertura del suelo, en localidades del departamento del Cesar, Colombia. Tesis de Maestría. Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá.

Bernal-González, V.A., Carvajal-Cogollo, J.E. (2019): Taxonomic and functional diversity of snakes north of Biogeographical Chocó: unveiling patterns in an unknown group of animals. Plos ONE en prensa.

Bielby, J., Cooper, N., Cunningham, A.A., Garner, T.W.J., Purvis, A. (2008): Predicting susceptibility to future declines in the world’s frogs. Conservation Letters 1: 82–90.

Blanco-Torres, A., Bonilla-Gómez, M.A. (2010): Partición de microhábitats entre especies de Bufonidae y Leiuperidae (Amphibia: Anura) en áreas con bosque seco tropical de la región Caribe-Colombia. Acta Biológica Colombiana 15: 47–60.

Blanco-Torres, A., Báez, L. Patiño, E., Renjifo, J. (2013): Herpetofauna del valle medio del río Ranchería, La Guajira, Colombia. Revista Biodiversidad Neotropical 3: 113–22.

Buckland, S., Magurran, A., Green, R., Fewster, R. (2005): Monitoring change in biodiversity through composite indices. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 360: 243–254.

Cahill, J.F., Kembel, S.W., Lamb, E.G., Keddy, P. (2008): Does phylogenetic relatedness influence the strength of competition among vascular plants? Perspectives in Plant Eco- logy, Evolution and Systematics 10: 41–50.

Carvajal-Castro, J.D., Vargas-Salinas, F. (2016): Stream noise, habitat filtering, and the phenotypic and phylogenetic structure of Neotropical anuran assemblages. Evolutionary Ecology 30: 451–469.

Carvajal-Cogollo, J.E. (2014): Evaluación a múltiples escalas de los efectos de la transformación del paisaje sobre los ensamblajes de reptiles en localidades de la región Caribe colombiana. Tesis doctoral, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá.

Carvajal-Cogollo, J.E., Urbina-Cardona, J.N. (2008): Patrones de diversidad y composición de reptiles en fragmentos de bosque seco tropical en Córdoba, Colombia. Tropical Conservation Science 1: 397–416.

Carvajal-Cogollo, J.E., Urbina-Cardona, N. (2015): Ecological grouping and edge effects in tropical dry forest: reptile-microenvironment relationships. Biodiversity Conservation 24: 1109–1130.

Carvajal-Cogollo, J.E., Castaño-Mora, O.V., Cárdenas-Arévalo, G., Urbina-Cardona, J.N. (2007): Reptiles de áreas asociadas a humedales de la planicie del departamento de Córdoba, Colombia. Caldasia 29: 427–438.

Carvajal-Cogollo, J.E., Cárdenas-Arévalo, G., Cas- taño-Mora, O. (2012): Reptiles de la región Caribe de Colombia. Págs. 791–812. En: Rangel-Ch, J.O. (Ed). Colombia Diversidad Biótica XII. La Región Caribe de Colombia. Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá.

Carvajal-Cogollo, J.E., Bernal, V., Rangel-Ch, J.O., Cárdenas-A, G., Paternina-H, A., López, Y. (2013): Colombia Diversidad Biótica- Publicación Especial No. 8. La Fauna Silvestre del Cesar. Importancia y Conservación. Instituto de Ciencias Naturales-Universidad Nacional de Colombia, ARFO Editores e impresores Ltda, Bogotá.

Cavender-Bares, J., Keen, A., Miles, B. (2006): Phylogenetic structure of Floridian plant communities depends on taxonomic and spatial scale. Ecology 87: S109–S122.

Cornell, H.V., Lawton, J.H. (1992): Species interactions, local and regional processes, and limits to the richness of ecological communities: a theorical perspective. Journal of Animal Ecology 61: 1-12.

Cortés-Gómez, A.M., Castro-Herrera, F., Urbina-Cardona, J.N. (2013): Small changes in vegetation structure create great changes in amphibian ensembles in the Colombian Pacific rainforest. Tropical Conservation Science 6: 749-769.

Cortés-Gómez, A.M., Ramírez, M.P., Urbina-Car- dona, J.N. (2016): Protocolo de medición de rasgos funcionales en anfibios. Págs. 126-179. En: Salgado-Negret, B. (Ed). La Ecología Funcional como Aproximación al Estudio, Manejo y Conservación de la Biodiversidad: Protocolos y Aplicaciones. Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, Bogotá.

Crump, M.L. (2015): Anuran reproductive modes: evolving perspectives. Journal of Herpetology 49: 1–16.

Currie, D.J., Paquin, V. (1987): Large-scale bio- geographical patterns of species richness of trees. Nature 329: 326–327.

Daily, G., Elrich, P.R., Sánchez-Azofeifa, G.A. (2001): Countryside biogeography: Use of human-dominated habitats by avifauna of southern Costa Rica. Ecological Applications 11: 1–13.

de Bello, F., Berg, M.P., Dias, A.T., Diniz-Filho, J.A.F., Götzenberger, L., Hortal, J., Ladle, R.J., Lepš, J. (2015): On the need for phylogenetic ‘corrections’ in functional trait-based approaches. Folia Geobotanica 50: 349–357.

Diamond, J.M. (1975): Assembly of species com- munities. Págs. 342-444. En: Cody, M.L. & Diamond, J.M. (Eds). Ecology and Evolution of Communities. Harvard University Press.

Díaz, S., Cabido, M. (2001): Vive la différence: plant functional diversity matters to ecosystem processes. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 16: 646–655.

Díaz, S., Purvis, A., Cornelissen, J.H., Mace, G.M., Donoghue, M.J., Ewers, R.M., Jordano, P., Pearse, W.D. (2013): Functional traits, the phylogeny of function, and ecosystem ser- vice vulnerability. Ecology and Evolution 3: 2958–2975.

Duellman, W.E., Thomas, R.A. (1996): Anuran amphibians from a seasonally dry forest in sou- theastern Peru and comparisons of the anurans among the sites in the Upper Amazon Basin. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Natural History of the University of Kansas 180: 1–34.

Duellman, W.E., Trueb, L. (1994): Biology of Amphibians. The Johns Hopkins University Press, London.

Dueñez-Gómez, F., Muñoz-Guerrero, J., Ramírez-Pinilla, M.P. (2004): Herpetofauna del corregimiento Botillero (El Banco, Magdalena) en la depresión Momposina de la región Caribe colombiana. Actualidades Bio- lógicas 26: 161–170.

Echeverría‐Londoño, S., Newbold, T., Hudson, L.N., Contu, S., Hill, S.L., Lysenko, I., Arbeláez‐ Cortés, E., Armbrecht, I., Boekhout, T., Cabra‐García, J., Domínguez-Haydar, Y., Nates-Parra, G., Gutíerrez-Lamus, D.L., Higuera, D., Isaacs-Cubides, P.J., López-Quintero, C.A., Martínez, E., Miranda-Esquivel, R.D., Navarro-Iriarte, L.E., Noriega, J.A., Otavo, S.E., Parra-H, A., Poveda, K., Ramírez-Pinilla, M.P., Rey-Velasco, J.C., Rosselli, L., Smith-Pardo, A.H., Urbina-Cardona, J.N., Purvis, A. (2016): Modelling and projecting the response of local assemblage composition to land use change across Colombia. Diversity and Distributions 22: 1099–1111.

Emerson, B.C., Gillespie, R.G. (2008): Phylogenetic analysis of community assembly and structure over space and time. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 23: 619–630.

Etter, A., McAlpine, C., Pullar, D., Possingham, H. (2006): Modeling the conversion of Colombian lowland ecosystems since 1940: drivers, patterns and rates. Journal of Environmental Management 79: 74–87.

Francis A.P., Currie, D.J. (2003): A globally consistent richness-climate relationship for angiosperms. The American Naturalist 161: 523–536.

Freckleton, R.P., Harvey, P.H., Pagel, M. (2002): Phylogenetic analysis and comparative data: a test and review of evidence. The American Naturalist 160: 712–726.

Fritz, S.A., Bininda‐Emonds, O.R.P., Purvis, A. (2009): Geographical variation in predictors of mammalian extinction risk: big is bad, but only in the tropics. Ecology letters 12: 538- 549.

Gascon, C. (1993): Breeding-habitat use by five Amazonian frogs at forest edge. Biodiversity & Conservation 2: 438–444.

Gaston, K.J., Blackburn, T.M. (2000): Patterns and Process in Macroecology. Blackwell Publishing, UK.

Gause, G.F. (1934): The Struggle for Existence. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore.

Gómez, J.P., Bravo, G.A., Brumfield, R.T., Tello, J.G., Cadena, C.D. (2010): A phylogenetic approach to disentangling the role of com- petition and habitat filtering in community assembly of Neotropical forest birds. Journal of Animal Ecology 79: 1181–1192.

González-Zárate, A., Montenegro, O.L., Castaño-Mora, O.V. (2011): Caracterización del hábitat de la tortuga de río Podocnemis lewyana, el río Prado, aguas abajo del embalse de hidroprado, Tolima, Colombia. Caldasia 33: 471–493.

Gotelli, N.J., Graves, G.R. (1996): Null Models in Ecology Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington.

Graham, C.H., Parra, J.L., Rahbek, C., McGuire, J.A. (2009): Phylogenetic structure in tropical hummingbird communities. Proceedings of the Natural Academy of Sciences 106: 19673–19678.

Gysel, L.W., Lyon, L.J. (1987): Análisis y evalua- ción de hábitat. Págs. 321-343. En: Rodríguez-Tarrés, R. (Ed). Manual de Técnicas de Gestión de Vida Silvestre. Wildlife Society, Maryland.

Haddad, C.F., Prado, C.P. (2005): Reproductive modes in frogs and their unexpected diversity in the Atlantic forest of Brazil. Bioscience 55: 207–217.

Haddad, C.F., Sawaya, R.J. (2000): Reproductive modes of Atlantic forest hylid frogs: a general overview and the description of a new mode. Biotropica 32: 862–871.

Hall, L.S., Krausman, P.R., Morrison, M.L. (1997): The habitat concept and a plea for standard terminology. Wildlife Society Bulletin 25: 173–182.

Harvey, P.H., Pagel, M.D. (1991): The Comparative Method in Evolutionary Biology. Oxford Uni- versity Press, New York.

Hernández-Ordóñez, O., Santos, B., Pyron, R., Arroyo-Rodriguez, V., Urbina-Cardona, N., Martínez-Ramos, M., Parra-Olea, G. Reynoso, V. (2019): Species sorting and mass effect along forest succession: evidence from taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic diversity of amphibian communities. Ecology and Evolution. En prensa.

HilleRisLambers, J., Adler, P.B., Harpole, W.S., Levine, J.M., Mayfield, M.M. (2012): Re- thinking community assembly through the lens of coexistence theory. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 43: 227–248.

Horta, J., Araújo, M.B., Lobo, J.M. (2009): Testing the effectiveness of discrete and continuous environmental diversity as a surrogate for species diversity. Ecological Indicator 9: 138–149.

Hubbell, S.P. (2001): The unified neutral theory oI biodiversity and Biogeography. Princeton University Press, New Jersey.

Isaacs-Cubides, P., Urbina-Cardona, J.N. (2011): Anthropogenic disturbance and edge effects on anuran ensembles inhabiting cloud forest fragments in Colombia. Natureza & Conservation: Brazilian Journal of Nature Conservation 9: 39–46.

Keddy, P.A. (1992): Assembly and response rules: two goals for predictive community ecology. Journal of Vegetation Science 3: 157–164.

Kozak, ..H., Wiens, J.J. (2006): Does niche conservatism drive speciation" A case study in North American salamanders. Evolution 60: 2604-2621.

Kluge, J., Kessler, M. (2011): Phylogenetic diversity, trait diversity and niches: species assembly of ferns along a tropical elevational gradient. Journal of Biogeography 38: 394–405.

Kreft, H., Jetz, :. (2007): Global patterns and determinants of vascular plant diversity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104: 5925–5930.

Lawton, J.H. (2000): Community Ecology in a Changing world. Ecology Institute, Olden- dorI/Luhe, Germany.

Lee, J.C. (1993): Geographic variation in size and shape of neotropical frogs: a precipitation gradient analysis. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Natural History of the University of Kansas 163: 1–20.

Lillywhite, H.B., Mittal, A..., Garg, T..., Agrawal, N. (1997): Wiping behavior and its ecophy- siological significance in the Indian tree frog Polypedates maculatus. Copeia 1: 88–100.

Lips, ..R., Reeve, J.D., Witters, L.R. (2003): Ecological traits predicting amphibian population declines in Central America. Conservation Biology 17: 1078–1088.

Luza, A.L., Gonkalves, G.L., Hartz, S.M. (2015): Phylogenetic and morphological relations- hips between nonvolant small mammals reveal assembly processes at different spatial scales. Ecology and Evolution 5: 889–902.

MacArthur, R.H. (1958): Population ecology of some warblers of northeastern coniferous forests. Ecology 39: 599–619.

MacArthur, R.H., Levins, R. (1967): The limiting similarity, convergence, and divergence of coexisting species. The American Naturalist 101: 377–385.

MADS (2015): Plan Nacional de Restauración: Restauración Ecológica, Rehabilitación y Recuperación de reas Disturbadas. Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible (MADS), Bogotá, Colombia.

Maire, V., Gross, N., BÄrger, L., Proulx, R.irth, C., Pontes, L., Soussana, J.F., Louault, F. (2012): Habitat filtering and niche differentiation jointly explain species relative abundance within grassland communities along fertility and disturbance gradients. New Phytologist 196: 497–509.

Mayfield, M.M., Levine, J.M. (2010): Opposing effects of competitive exclusion on the phylogenetic structure of communities. Eco- logy Letters 13: 1085–1093.

McGill, B.J., Enquist, B.J., weiher, E., Westoby, M. (2006): Rebuilding community ecology from functional traits. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 21:178–185.

Medina-Rangel, G.F. (2009): Estructura de la comunidad de reptiles en los alrededores del complejo cenagoso de Zapatosa. departamento del Cesar-Colombia. Tesis de maestría, Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá.

Medina-Rangel, G.F., Cárdenas-Arévalo, G., Cas- taño-Mora, O.V. (2011): Anfibios y Reptiles de los alrededores del complejo cenagoso de Zapatosa, departamento de Cesar, Colombia. En: Rangel-Ch. J.O. (Ed). Colombia Diversidad Biótica. Publicación Especial No. 1. Grupo de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia–CORPOCESAR, Bogotá.

Mendenhall, C.D., FrishNoII, L.O., Santos-Barrera, G., Pacheco, J., MesIun, E., Mendoza, F., Ehrlich, P.R., Ceballos, G., Daily, G.C., Pringle, R.M. (2014): Countryside biogeography of Neotropical reptiles and amphibians. Ecology 95: 856–870.

Mittelbach, G.G. (2012): Community Ecology. Sinauer Associates Inc. Publishers. Sunerland, Massachusetts.

Mittelbach, G.G., Schemske, D.W. (2015): Ecological and evolutionary perspectives on community assembly. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 30: 241–247.

Morelli, F., Benedetti, Y., Perna, P., Santolini, R. (2018): Associations among taxonomic diversity, functional diversity and evolutionary distinctiveness vary among environments. Ecological Indicators 88: 8–16.

Moreno-Arias, R.A., Medina-Rangel, G.F., Carvajal-Cogollo, J.E., Castaño-Mora, O.V. (2009): Herpetofauna de la Serranía de Perijá. Págs. 449-470. En: Rangel-Ch, J.O. (Ed). Colombia Diversidad Biótica VIII: Media y Baja Montaña de la Serranía de Perijá. Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia-CORPOCESAR, Bogotá.

Morin, P.J. (2011): Community Ecology. Wiley-Blac-kwell Science Inc., USA.

Morrison, M.L., Marcot, B.G., Mannan, R.W. (1999): Wildlife–Habitat Relationships: Concepts and Applications. 2th edition. The University of Wisconsin Press.

Narvaez, P., Trefaut-Rodrigues, M. (2009): Taxonomic revision of Rhinella granulosa species group (Amphibia, Anura, Bufonidae), with a description of a new species. Arquivos de Zoologia 40: 1–73.

Navas, C.A., Jared, C., Antoniazzi, M.M. (2002): Water economy in the casque-headed tree- frog Corythomantis greeningi (Hylidae): role of behaviour, skin, and skull skin co-ossification. Journal of Zoology 257: 525–532.

Osorno-Muñoz, M. (1999): Evaluación del efecto de borde para poblaciones de Eleutherodactylus viejas (Amphibia: Anura: Leptodactylidae), frente a corredores de servidumbre en diferente estado de regeneración, en dos bosques intervenidos por líneas de transmisión eléctrica de alta tensión. Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales 23 (suplemento especial): 347–356.

Pain, R.T. (1974): Intertidial community structure: experimental studies on the relationship be- tween a dominant competitor and its principal predator. Oecologia 15: 93–120.

Paternina-H, A., Carvajal-Cogollo, J.E., Medi- na-Rangel, G.F. (2013): Anfibios de las ciénagas del departamento del Cesar. Págs.

-509. En: Rangel-Ch. J.O. (Ed). Co- lombia: Diversidad Biótica XIII. Complejo cenagoso de Zapatosa y ciénagas del sur del Cesar. Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá.

Paternina-Hernández, A. (2015): Evaluación del efecto de borde sobre la riqueza, la estructura y los grupos ecológicos de anfibios, en fragmentos de bosque seco tropical seco estacional (Cesar-Colombia). Tesis de Maestría, Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá.

Pausas, J.G., Verdú, M. (2010): The jungle of methods for evaluating phenotypic and phylogenetic structure of communities. BioScience 60: 614–625.

Pavoine, S., Bonsall, M.B. (2011): Measuring bio- diversity to explain community assembly: a unified approach. Biological Reviews 86: 792–812.

Pavoine, S., Baguette, M., Bonsall, M.B. (2010): Decomposition of trait diversity among the nodes of a phylogenetic tree. Ecological Mo- nographs 80: 485–507.

Pavoine, S., Gasc, A., Bonsall, M.B., Mason, N.W. (2013): Correlations between phylogenetic and functional diversity: mathematical artefacts or true ecological and evolutionary processes? Journal of Vegetation Science 24: 781–793.

Pennington, T., Prado, D.E., Pendry, C.A. (2000): Neotropical seasonally dry forests and Qua- ternary vegetation change. Journal of Biogeography 27: 261–273.

Pfeifer, M., Lefebvre, V., Peres, C.A., Banks-Leite, C., Wearn, O.R., Marsh, C.J., Butchart, S.H.M., Arroyo-Rodríguez, V., Barlow, J., Cerezo, A., Cisneros, L., D’Cruze, N., Fa- ria, D., Hadley, A., Harris, S.M., Klingbeil, B.T., Kormann, U., Lens, L., Medina-Ran- gel, G.F., Morante-Filho, J.C., Olivier, P., Peters, S.L., Pidgeon, A., Ribeiro, D.B., Scherber, C., Schneider-Maunoury, L., Struebig, M., Urbina-Cardona, N., Watling, J.I., Willig, M.R., Wood, E.M., Ewers, R.M. (2017): Global creation of forest edges has a near-universal impact on forest vertebr tes. Nature 551: 187–191.

Pineda, E., Halffter, G. (2004): Species diversity and habitat fragmentation: frogs in a tropi- cal montane landscape in Mexico. Biological Conservation 117: 499–508.

Phillips, H.R.P., Halley, J.M., Urbina-Cardona, J.N., Purvis, A. (2018): The effect of fragment area on site-level biodiversity. Ecography 40: 1220–1231.

Pough, F.H., Andrews, R.M., Crump, M.L., Savitzky, A.H., Wells, K.W., Brandley, M.C. (2015): Herpetology, 4th edition. Sinauer Associates Inc.

Rabosky, D.L., Reid, J., Cowan, M.A., Foulkes, J. (2007): Overdispersion of body size in Australian desert lizard communities at local scales only: no evidence for the Narcissus effect. Ecology and Evolution 154: 561–570.

Rangel-Ch, J.O. (2012): Colombia Diversidad Biótica XII. La Región Caribe de Colombia. Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Bogotá.

Ricklefs, R.E. (2007): Estimating diversification rates from phylogenetic information. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 22: 601–610.

Ricklefs, R.E., Schluter, D. (1994): Species diversity in ecological communities. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

Riedinger, V., Müller, J., Stadler, J., Ulrich, W., Brandl, R. (2013): Assemblages of bats are phylogenetically clustered on a regional scale. Basic and Applied Ecology 14: 74–80.

Rojas-Murcia, L.E., Carvajal-Cogollo, J.E., Cabrejo-Bello, J.A. (2015): Reptiles del bosque seco estacional en el Caribe colombiano: Distribución de los hábitats y del recurso alimentario. Acta Biológica Colombiana 21: 365–377.

Romero-Martínez, H.J, Lynch, J.D. (2012): Anfibios de la región Caribe. Págs. 677-701. En: Rangel-Ch, J.O. (Ed). Colombia, Diversidad Biótica XII: La Región Caribe de Colombia. Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá.

Rueda-Solano, L.A., Castellanos-Barliza, J. (2010): Herpetofauna de Neguanje, Parque Nacional Natural Tayrona, Caribe Colombiano. Acta Biológica Colombiana 15: 195-206.

Safi, K., Cianciaruso, M.V., Loyola, R.D., Brito, D., Armour-Marshall, K., Diniz-Filho, J.A.F. (2011): Understanding global patterns of mammalian functional and phylogenetic diversity. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 366: 2536–2544.

Santorelli Jr, S., Magnusson, W., Ferreira, E., Caramaschi, E., Zuanon, J., Amadio, S. (2014): Phylogenetic community structure: temporal variation in fish assemblage. Ecology and Evolution 4: 2146–2153.

Santos-Barrera, G., Urbina-Cardona, N. (2011): The role of the matrix-edge dynamics of amphibian conservation in tropical montane fragmented landscapes. Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad 82: 679–687.

Schlaepfer, M.A., Gavin, T.A. (2001): Edge effects on lizards and frogs in tropical forest fragments. Conservation Biology 15: 1079–1090.

Schneider-Maunoury, L., Lefebvre, V., Ewers, R.M., Medina-Rangel, G.F., Peres, C.A., Somarriba, E., Urbina-Cardona, J.N., Pfeifer, M. (2016): Abundance signals of amphibians and reptiles indicate strong edge effects in Neotropical fragmented forest landscapes. Biological Conservation 200: 207–215.

Schoener, T.W. (1974): Resource partitioning in ecological communities. Science 185:27–39. Shipley, B., De Bello, F., Cornelissen, J.H.C., Laliberté, E., Laughlin, D.C., Reich, P.B. (2016): Reinforcing loose foundation stones in trait-based plant ecology. Oecologia 180:923–931.

Suazo-Ortuño, I., Alvarado-Díaz, J., Martínez-Ramos, M. (2008): Effects of conversion of dry tropical forest to agricultural mosaic on herpetofaunal assemblages. Conservation Biology 22: 362–374.

Suazo-Ortuño, I., Urbina-Cardona, N.J., Lara-Uri- be, N., Marroquín-Páramo, J., Soto-Sandoval, Y., Rangel-Orozco, J., Lopez-Toledo, L., Benitez-Malvido, J., Alvarado-Díaz, J. (2018): Impact of a hurricane on the herpetofaunal assemblages of a successional chronosequence in a tropical dry forest. Biotropica 50: 649–663.

Swenson, N.G., Enquist, B.J., Pither, J., Thompson, J., Zimmerman, J.K. (2006): The problem and promise of scale dependency in community phylogenetics. Ecology 87: 2418–2424.

Swenson, N.G., Enquist, B.J., Thompson, J., Zim- merman, J.K. (2007): The influence of spatial and size scale on phylogenetic related- ness in tropical forest communities. Ecology 88: 1770–1780.

Urbina-Cardona, J.N., Reynoso, V.H. (2005): Re- cambio de anfibios y reptiles en el gradiente potrero-borde-interior en la Reserva de Los Tuxtlas, Veracruz, México. Págs. 191-207. En: Halffter, G., Soberón, J., Koleff, P., Melic, A. (Eds). Sobre Diversidad Biológica: El Significado de las Diversidades Alfa, Beta y Gamma. Editorial Monografías Tercer Milenio, Zaragoza, España.

Urbina-Cardona, J.N., Reynoso, V.H. (2017): Descripción y modelado del microhábitat de los anfibios y reptiles que habitan la Sel- va Alta Perennifolia de Los Tuxtlas. Págs. 355-384. En: Reynoso, V.H., Coates, R.I., Vázquez-Cruz, M.L. (Eds). Avances y Perspectivas en la Investigación de los Bosques Tropicales y sus Alrededores: la Región de Los Tuxtlas. Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México.

Urbina-Cardona, J.N., Olivares-Pérez, M., Reynoso, V.H. (2006): Herpetofauna diversity and microenvironment correlates across a pasture-edge-interior ecotone in tropical rainforest fragments in the Los Tuxtlas Biosphere Reserve of Veracruz, México. Biological Conservation 132: 61–75.

Urbina-Cardona, J.N., Navas, C.A., González, I., Gómez-Martínez, M.J., Llano-Mejía, J., Medina-Rangel, G.F., Blanco, A. (2014): Determinantes de la distribución de los anfibios en el bosque seco tropical de Colombia: herramientas para su conservación. Págs.

–189. En: Pizano, C., García, H. (Eds). Bosque Seco Tropical en Colombia II. Biodiversidad Asociada al Bosque Seco. Instituto de Investigación Biológica Alexander von Humboldt, Bogotá.

Van Rensburg, B., Chown, S., Gaston, K. (2002): Species richness, environmental correla- tes, and spatial scale: a test using South African birds. The American Naturalist 159:

–577.

Verhoef, H.A., Morin, P.J. (2010): Community Eco- logy Processes: Models, and Applications. Oxford University Press Inc., New York.

Vitt, L.J., Caldwell, J.P. (2014): Herpetology. An Introductory Biology of Amphibians and Reptiles. 4th edition. Academic Press, London.

Webb, C.O., Ackerly, D.D., McPeek, M.A., Donoghue, M.J. (2002): Phylogenies and community ecology. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 33: 475–505.

Weiher, E., Keddy, P.A. (1995): The assembly of experimental wetland plant communities. Oi- kos 73: 323–335.

Weiher, E., Keddy, P. (1999): Assembly rules as general constraints on community composition. Págs. 251-271. En: Weiher, E., Keddy, P. (Eds). Ecological Assembly Rules: Perspectives, Advances, Retreats. Cambridge University Press, UK.

Wells, K.D. (2007): Ecology and Behavior of Amphibians. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

Wiens, J.J., Graham, C.H., Moen, D.S., Smith, S.A., Reeder, T.W. (2006): Evolutionary and Eco- logical causes of the latitudinal diversity gradient in hylid frogs: treefrogs trees unearth the root of high tropical diversity. The American Naturalist 168: 579–596.

Wilson, J.B., Gitay, H. (1995): Community structure and assembly rules in a dune slack: Variance in richness, guild proportionality, biomass constancy and dominance/diversity relations. Vegetation. 116: 93–106.

Wilson, J.B. (1999): Assembly rules in plant com- munities. Págs. 130–164. En: Weiher, E., Keddy, P. (Eds). Ecological Assembly Rules: Perspectives, Advances, Retreats. Cambridge University Press, UK.

Acosta-Galvis, A.R. (2000): Ranas, salamandras y caecilias (Tetrapoda: Amphibia) de Colombia. Biota Colombiana 1: 289–319.

Angilletta, M.J. (2009): Thermal Adaptation: A Theoretical and Empirical Synthesis. OxIord University Press, OxIord.

Antonelli, A., Nylander, J.A.A., Persson, C., Sanmartín, I. (2009): Tracing the impact of the Andean uplift on Neotropical plant evolution. Proccedings of the Natural Academic oI Science 106: 9749–9754.

Amphibia web (2018): https://amphibiaweb.org.

University oI CaliIornia, BerNeley, CA, USA. Accessed 20 Dec 2018.

Armbrecht, I., Ulloa-Chacón, P. (1999): Rareza y diversidad de hormigas en fragmentos de bosque seco colombianos y sus matrices. Biotropica 31: 646–653.

Avise, J.C. (2000): Phylogeography: The History and Formation of Species. Harvard University Press, Massachusetts.

Barbeau, T.R., Lillywhite, H.B. (2005): Body wiping behaviors associated with cutaneous lipids in hylid tree Irogs oI Florida. Journal oI Experimental Biology 208: 2147–2156.

Cárdenas-Arévalo, G., Castaño-Mora, O.V., Carvajal-Cogollo, J.E. (2010): Comunidad de reptiles en humedales y áreas aledañas del departamento de Córdoba. Págs. 361-380. En: Rangel-Ch, O.J. (Ed). Colombia Diversidad Biótica IX. Ciénagas de Córdoba: Biodiversidad, Ecología y Manejo Ambiental. Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá.

Carvajal-Cogollo, J.E., Urbina-Cardona, J.N. (2008): Patrones de diversidad y composición de reptiles en fragmentos de bosque seco tropical en Córdoba, Colombia. Tropical Conservation Science 1: 397–416.

Carvajal-Cogollo, J.E., Cárdenas-Arévalo, G., Castaño-Mora, O.V. (2012): Reptiles de la región Caribe de Colombia. Págs. 791-

En: Rangel-Ch, O.J. (Ed). Colombia Diversidad Biótica XII. La Región Caribe de Colombia. Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá.

Crawford, A.J., Bermingham, E., Carolina, P.S., Polanía, C. (2007): The role of tropical dry forest as a long-term barrier to dispersal: a comparative phylogeographical analysis of dry forest tolerant and intolerant frogs. Molecular Ecology 16: 4789–4807.

Cuartas-Villa, S. (2015): Body shape not color in aposematic frogs: environment and isolation by distance leads to phenotypic divergence in a dendrobatid frog. Tesis de Pregrado, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín.

Doan, T.M. (2003): A south-to-north biogeographic hypothesis for Andean speciation: evidence from the Llizard genus Proctoporus (Reptilia, Gymnophthalmidae). Journal of Biogeography 30: 361–374.

Etter, A. (1993): Diversidad ecosistémica en Colombia hoy. Págs. 43-61. En: Anónimo (Ed). Nuestra Diversidad Biótica. CEREC y Fundación Alejandro Ángel Escobar, Bogotá.

Faivovich, J., Ferraro, D.P., Basso, N.G., Haddad, C.F.B., Rodrigues, M.T., Wheeler, W.C., Lavilla, E.O. (2012): A phylogenetic analysis of Pleurodema (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae) based on mitochondrial and nuclear gene sequences, with comments on the evolution of anuran foam nests. Cladistics 28: 460–482.

Fleming, R.I., Mackenzie, C.D., Cooper, A., Kennedy, M.W. (2009): Foam nest components of the túngara frog: a cocktail of proteins conferring physical and biological resilience. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 276: 1787–1795.

García-R, J.C., Crawford, A.J., Mendoza, Á.M., Ospina, O., Cardenas, H., Castro, F. (2012): Comparative phylogeography of direct developing frogs (Anura: Craugastoridae: Pristimantis) in the southern Andes of Colombia. PLoS ONE 7: 1–9.

García, H., Germán, C., Isaacs, P., Etter, A. (2014): Distribución y estado actual de los remanentes del bioma de Bosque Seco Tropical en Colombia: insumos para su gestión. Págs. 228-251. En: Pizano, C., García, H. (Eds). El Bosque Seco Tropical en Colombia. Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, Bogotá.

Gentry, A. (1995): Diversity and floristic composition of neotropical dry forest. Págs. 146-194. En: Bullock, S., Mooney, H., Medina, E. (Eds). Seasonally Dry Tropical Forest. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

González-M, R., Isaacs, P., García, H., Pizano, C. (2014): Memoria Técnica para la Verificación en Campo del Mapa de Bosque Seco Tropical en Colombia. Escala 1:100.000. Instituto de Investigaciones de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible, Bogotá.

Gregory-Wodzicki, K.M. (2000): Uplift history of the Central and Northern Andes: a review. Geological Society of America Bulletin 112: 1091–1105.

Guarnizo, C.E., Cannatella, D.C. (2014): Geographic determinants of gene flow in two sister species of tropical Andean frogs. Journal of Heredity 105: 216–225.

Guarnizo, C.E., Amézquita, A., Bermingham, E. (2009): The relative roles of vicariance versus elevational gradients in the genetic differentiation of the high Andean tree frog, Dendropsophus labialis. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 50: 84–92.

Guarnizo, C.E., Paz, A., Muñoz-Ortiz, A., Flechas, S. V, Méndez-Narváez, J., Crawford, A.J. (2015): DNA barcoding survey of anurans across the eastern cordillera of Colombia and the impact of the Andes on cryptic diversity. PLoS ONE 10: 1–20.

Hartley, A. (2003): Andean uplift and climate change. Journal of the Geological Society 160: 7–10.

Hissa, D.C., Vasconcelos, I.M., Carvalho, A.F.U., Nogueira, V.L.R., Cascon, P., Antunes, A.S.L., de Macedo, G.R., Melo, V.M.M. (2008): Novel surfactant proteins are involved in the structure and stability of foam nests from the frog Leptodactylus vastus. Journal of Experimental Biology 211: 2707–2711.

Hooghiemstra, H., Wijninga, V.M., Cleef, A.M. (2016): The paleobotanical record of Colombia: implications for biogeography and biodiversity. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 93: 297–324.

Hoorn, C. (1993): Marine incursions and the influence of Andean tectonics on the Miocene depositional history of northwestern Amazonia: results of a palynostratigraphic study.Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 105: 267–309.

Hoorn, C., Wesselingh, F.P., ter Steege, H., Bermudez, M.A., Mora, A., Sevink, J., Sanmartin, I., Sanchez-Meseguer, A., Anderson, C.L., Figueiredo, J.P., Jaramillo, C., Riff, D., Negri, F.R., Hooghiemstra, H., Lundberg, J., Stadler, T., Särkinen, T., Antonelli, A. (2010): Amazonia through time: Andean uplift, climate change, landscape evolution, and biodiversity. Science 330: 927–931.

Kattan, G.H., Franco, P., Rojas, V., Morales, G. (2004): Biological diversification in a complex region: a spatial analysis of faunistic diversity and biogeography of the Andes of Colombia. Journal of Biogeography 31: 1829–1839.

Kieswetter, C.M., Schneider, C.J. (2013): Phylogeography in the northern Andes: Complex history and cryptic diversity in a cloud forest frog, Pristimantis w-nigrum (Craugastoridae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 69: 417–429.

Köhler, J., Koscinski, D., Padial, J.M., Chaparro, J.C., Handford, P., Lougheed, S.C., De la Riva, I. (2010): Systematics of Andean gladiator frogs of the Hypsiboas pulchellus species group (Anura, Hylidae). Zoologica Scripta 39: 572–590.

Lillywhite, H.B., Navas, C.A. (2006): Animals, energy, and water in extreme environments: perspectives from Ithala 2004. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 79: 265–73.

Link, A., Valencia, L.M., Céspedes, L.N., Duque, L.D., Cadena, C.D., Di Fiore, A. (2015): Phylogeography of the critically endangered brown spider monkey (Ateles hybridus): testing the riverine barrier hypothesis. International Journal of Primatology 36: 530–547.

Lynch, J.D. (1999): Ranas pequeñas, la geometría de evolución, y la especiación en los Andes colombianos. Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales 23: 143–159.

Lynch, J.D., Ruiz-Carranza, P.M., Ardila-Robayo, M.C. (1997): Biogeographic patterns of Colombian frogs and toads. Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales 21: 237–248.

Mayaux, P., Holmgren, P., Achard, F., Eva, H., Stibig, H.-J., Branthomme, A. (2005): Tropical forest cover change in the 1990s and options for future monitoring. Phylosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 360: 373–384.

McClanahan, L.L., Ruibal, R., Shoemaker, V.H. (1994): Frogs and toads in deserts. The Scientific American 270: 82–88.

McKnight, M.W., White, P.S., McDonald, R.I., Lamoreux, J.F., Sechrest, W., Ridgely, R.S., Stuart, S.N. (2007): Putting beta-diversity on the map: broad-scale congruence and coincidence in the extremes. Plos Biology 5: 2424–2432.

Medina-Rangel, G.F. (2011): Diversidad alfa y beta de la comunidad de reptiles en el complejo cenagoso de Zapatosa, Colombia. Revista de Biología Tropical 59: 935–968.

Melo, A.S., Rangel, T.F.L.V.B., Diniz‐Filho, J.A.F. (2009): Environmental drivers of beta‐ diversity patterns in New‐World birds and mammals. Ecography 32: 226–236.

Mendoza, Á.M., Ospina, O.E., Cárdenas-Henao, H., García-R, J.C. (2015): A likelihood inference of historical biogeography in the world’s most diverse terrestrial vertebrate genus: Diversification of direct-developing frogs (Craugastoridae: Pristimantis) across the Neotropics. Molecular Phylogenetic and Evolution 85: 50–58.

Muñoz-Ortiz, A., Velásquez-Álvarez, Á.A., Guarnizo, C.E., Crawford, A.J. (2015): Of peaks and valleys: testing the roles of orogeny and habitat heterogeneity in driving allopatry in mid-elevation frogs (Aromobatidae: Rheobates) of the northern Andes. Journal of Biogeography 42: 193–205.

Navas, C.A. (1996): Implications of microhabitat selection and patterns of activity on the thermal ecology of high elevation Neotropical anurans. Oecologia 108: 617–626.

Novotny, V., Miller, S.E., Hulcr, J., Drew, R.A.I., Basset, Y., Janda, M., Setliff, G.P., Darrow, K., Stewart, A.J.A., Auga, J., Isua, B., Molem, K., Manumbor, M., Tamtiai, E., Mogia, M., Weiblen, G.D. (2007): Low beta diversity of herbivorous insects in tropical forests. Nature 448: 692–695.

Pinto-Sánchez, N.R., Calderón-Espinosa, M.L., Miralles, A., Crawford, A.J., Ramírez- Pinilla, M.P. (2015): Molecular phylogenetics and biogeography of the Neotropical skink genus Mabuya Fitzinger (Squamata : Scincidae) with emphasis on Colombian populations. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 93: 188–211.

Pizano, C., García, H. (2014): El Bosque Seco Tropical en Colombia. Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, Bogotá.

Portillo-Quintero, C.A., Sánchez-Azofeifa, G.A. (2010): Extent and conservation of tropical dry forests in the Americas. Biological Conservation 143: 144–155.

Pough, F.H., Taigen, T.L., Stewart, M.M., Brussard, P.F. (1983): Behavioral modification of evaporative water loss by a Puerto Rican frog. Ecology 64: 244–252.

Poveda, G., Álvarez, D.M., Rueda, Ó.A. (2011): Hydro-climatic variability over the Andes of Colombia associated with ENSO: A review of climatic processes and their impact on one of the earth’s most important biodiversity hotspots. Climate Dynamics 36: 2233–2249.

Prieto-Torres, D.A., Cuervo, A.M., Bonaccorso, E. (2018): On geographic barriers and Pleistocene glaciations: tracing the diversification of the Russet-crowned warbler (Myiothlypis coronata) along the Andes. PLoS ONE 13: 1–15.

Quijada-Mascareñas, J.A., Ferguson, J.E., Pook, C.E., Salomão, M.D.G., Thorpe, R.S., Wüster, W. (2007): Phylogeographic patterns of trans-Amazonian vicariants and Amazonian biogeography: the Neotropical rattlesnake (Crotalus durissus complex) as an example. Journal of Biogeography 34: 1296–1312.

Rangel, J.O. (2005): La biodiversidad de Colombia. Palimpsestvs 5: 292–304.

Ridell, E.A., Apanovitch, E.K., Odom, J.P., Sears, M.W. (2017): Physical calculations of resistance to water loss improve predictions of species range models. Ecological Monographs 87: 21–33.

Roth, J.J. (1973): Vascular supply to the ventral pelvic region of anurans as related to water balance. Journal of Morphology 140: 443–460.

Sandoval-H, J., Gómez, J.P., Cadena, C.D. (2017): Is the largest river valley west of the Andes a driver of diversification in Neotropical lowland birds? The Auk 134: 168–180.

Sepkoski, J.J. (1988): Alpha, beta, or gamma: where does all the diversity go? Paleobiology 14: 221–234.

Smith, B.T., McCormack, J.E., Cuervo, A.M., Hickerson, M.J., Aleixo, A., Cadena, C.D., Pérez-Emán, J., Burney, C.W., Xie, X., Harvey, M.G., Faircloth, B.C., Glenn, T.C., Derryberry, E.P., Prejean, J., Fields, S., Brumfield, R.T. (2014): The drivers of tropical speciation. Nature 515: 406–409.

Urbina-Cardona, J.N., Navas, C.A., González, I., Gómez-Martínez, M.J., Llano-Mejía, J., Medina-Rangel, G.F., Blanco-Torres, A. (2014): Determinantes de la distribución de los Anfibios en el bosque seco tropical de Colombia: Herramientas para su conservación. Págs. 163-189. En: Pizano, C., García, H. (Eds). El Bosque Seco Tropical en Colombia. Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, Bogotá.

Van Der Hammen, T, Werner, J.H., Van Dommelen, H. (1973): Palynological record oI the upheaval of the Northern Andes: A study oI the pliocene and lower quaternary oI the Colombian Eastern Cordillera and the early evolution oI its high-Andean biota. Review oI Paleobotany and Palynology 16: 1–122.

Wang, C. (2005): ENSO, Atlantic climate variability, and the :alNer and Hadley circulation. Págs. 173–202. En: Diaz, H.F., Bradley, R.S. (Eds). The Hadley Circulation: Present, Past and Future. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Netherlands.

WernecN, F.P., Costa, G.C., Colli, G.R., Prado, D.E., Sites, J.:. (2011): Revisiting the historical distribution of seasonally dry tropical forests: new insights based on palaeodistribution modelling and palynological evidence. Global Ecology and Biogeography 20: 272–288.

Wiens, J.J., Donoghue, M.J. (2004): Historical biogeography, ecology and species richness. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 19: 639–644.

Willmott, R., Hall, J.P., Lamas, G. (2001): Systematics of Hypanartia (Lepidoptera : Nymphalidae : Nymphalinae), with a test for geographical speciation mechanisms in the Andes. Systematic Entomology 26: 369–399.

Withers, P.C., Hillman, S.S., Drewes, R.C., SoNol, O.M. (1982): Water loss and nitrogen excretion in sharp-nosed reed frogs (Hyperolius nasutus: Anura, Hyperoliidae). Journal of Experimental Biology 97: 335–343.

Acosta-Galvis, A.R. (2012): Anfibios de los enclaves secos del área de inpuencia de los Montes de María y la Ciénaga de La Caimanera, departamento de Sucre, Colombia. Biota Colombiana 13: 1-21.

Adams, M.J., Pearl, C.A. (2007): Problems and opportunities managing invasive bullfrogs: Is there any hope" Págs. 679-693. En: Gherardi, F. (Ed). Biological Invaders in Inland :aters: Profiles, Distribution, and Threats. Springer, Dordrecht.

AlIord, R.A., Richards, S.J. (1999): Global amphibian declines: A problem in applied ecology. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 30: 133–165.

Allender, M.C., Abd-Eldaim, M., Schumacher, J., McRuer, D., Christian, L.S., .ennedy, M. (2015): PCR prevalence of Ranavirus in free-ranging eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina) at rehabilitation centers in three southeastern US states. Journal of wildliIe Diseases 47: 759-764.

BecN, B.B., Rappaport, L.G., Stanley-Price, M.R., Wilson, A.C. (1994): Reintroduction oI captive-born animals. Págs. 265–284. En: Olney, P.J.S., Mace, G.M., Feistner, A.T.C. (Eds). Creative Conservation. Chapman and Hall, London.

BocN, B., Páez, V.P., Cortés-Duque, J. (2015): TracKemys callirostris Gray 1856. Págs. 166-171. En: Morales-Betancourt, M.A., Lasso, C.A. Páez, V.P. BocN. B.C. (Eds). Libro Rojo de Reptiles de Colombia. Universidad de Antioquia e Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, Bogotá.

Brain, R.A., Solomon, K.R. (2009): Comparison of the hazards posed to amphibians by the glyphosate spray control program versus the chemical and physical activities of coca production in Colombia. Journal of Toxicology and Environ- mental Health, Part A 72: 937-948.

Caicedo-Portilla, R., Dulcey-Cala, C.J. (2011): Dis- tribución del gecko introducido Hemidactylus frenatus (Duméril & Bribon 1836) (Squamata: Gekkonidae) en Colombia. Biota Colombiana 12: 45-56.

Carey, C., Alexander, M.A. (2003): Climate change and amphibian declines: Is there a link? Di- versity and Distribution 9: 111-121.

Carey, C., Heyer, W.R., Wilkinson, J., Alford, R.A., Arntzen, J.W., Halliday, T., Hungerford, L., Lips, K.R., Middleton, E.M., Orchad, S.A., Rand, A.S. (2001): Amphibian declines and environmental change: Use of remote- sensing data to identify environmental correlates. Conservation Biology 15: 903-913.

Carvajal-Cogollo, J.E., Urbina-Cardona, N. (2008): Patrones de diversidad y composición de reptiles en fragmentos de bosque seco tropical en Córdoba, Colombia. Tropical Conservation Science 1: 397–416.

Carvajal-Cogollo, J.E., Urbina-Cardona, J.N. (2015): Ecological grouping and edge effects in tropical dry forest: Reptile-microenvironment relationships. Biodiversity and Conservation 24: 1109–1130.

Carvajal-Cogollo, J.E., Cárdenas-Arévalo, G., Cas- taño-Mora, O. (2012): Reptiles de la región Caribe de Colombia. Págs. 791-812. En: Rangel Ch, J.O. (Ed). Colombia Diversidad Biótica XII. La Región Caribe de Colombia. Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá.

Crawford, A.J, Lips, K.R., Bermingham, E. (2010): Epidemic disease decimates amphibian abundance, species diversity, and evolutionary history in the highlands of central Panama. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 107: 13777–13782.

Crump, M.L., Hensley, F.R., Clark, K.L. (1992): Apparent decline of the golden toad: Under- ground or extinct? Copeia 1992: 413–420.

Daszak, P., Berger, L., Cunningham, A.A., Hyatt, A.D., Green, D.E., Speare, R. (1999): Emerging infectious diseases and amphibian population declines. Emerging Infectious Diseases 5: 735–748.

de Sá, R.O. (2005): Global de biodiversidad: Importancia de la diversidad genética y la extinción de anfibios. Agrociencia 1: 513–522.

Flechas, S.V., Paz, A., Crawford, A.J., Sarmiento, C., Acevedo, A.A., Arboleda, A., Bolívar-García, W., Echeverry-Sandoval, C.L., Franco, R., Mojica, C., Muñoz, A., Palacios-Rodríguez, P., Posso-Terranova, A.M., Quintero-Marín, P., Rueda-Solano, L.A., Castro-Herrera, F., Amézquita, A. (2017): Current and predicted distribution of the pathogenic fungus Ba- trachochytrium dendrobatidis in Colombia, a hotspot of amphibian biodiversity. Biotropica 49: 685–694.

Forero-Medina, G., Joppa, L. (2010): Representation of global and national conservation priorities by Colombia’s protected area network. PLoS ONE 5: e13210.

Forero-Medina, G., Yusti-Muñoz, A.P., Casta- ño-Mora, O.V. (2014): Distribución geográfica de las tortugas continentales de Colombia y su representación en áreas protegidas. Acta Biológica Colombiana 19: 415–426.

Forero-Medina, G., Castaño-Mora, O.V., Cárdenas-Arevalo, G., Medina-Rangel, G.F. (2013): Mesoclemmys dahli (Zangerl and Medem 1958) – Dahl´s Toad-Headed Turtle, Carranchina, Tortuga Montañera. Págs. 069.1-069.8. En: Rhodin, A.G.J., Pritchard, P.C.H., van Dijk, P.P., Saumure, R.A., Buhl- mann, K.A., Iverson, J.B., Mittermeier, R.A. (Eds). Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises: A Compilation Project of the IUCN/SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group. Chelonian Research Monographs 5.

Forero-Medina, G., Castaño-Mora, O.V., Cárdenas-Arévalo, G., Medina-Rangel, G.F., De La Ossa, J., Vargas-Ramírez, M., Gallego-García, N. (2015): Mesoclemmys dahli Zangerf & Medem, 1958. Págs. 142-145. En: Morales-Betancourt, M.A., Lasso, C. A., Páez, V.P., Bock, B.C. (Eds). Libro Rojo de Reptiles de Colombia. Universidad de Antioquia e Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Bio- lógicos Alexander von Humboldt, Bogotá.

Gallego-García, N., Forero-Medina, G. (2014): Plan de manejo para la tortuga de río Podocne- mis lewyana en la cuenca del río Sinú. Cor- poración Autónoma Regional de los Valles del Sinú y del San Jorge, Empresa Urrá S.A. E.S.P., Wildlife Conservation Society, Turtle Survival Alliance y Conservación Internacio- nal. Montería, Colombia.

Galvis-Peñuela, P.A., Mejía-Tobón, A., Rueda- Almonacid, J.V. (2011): Fauna Silvestre de la Reserva Forestal Protectora Montes de Oca, La Guajira, Colombia. CorpoGuajira, Riohacha.

Gibbons, J.W., Scott, D.E., Ryan, T.J., Buhlmann, K.A., Tuberville, T.D., Metts, B.S., Greene, J.L., Mills, T., Leiden, Y., Poppy, S., Winne, C.T. (2000): The global decline of reptiles, déjà vu amphibians. BioScience. 50: 653–666.

Gusset, M., Dick, G. (2011): The global reach of zoos and aquariums in visitor numbers and conservation expenditures. Zoo Biology 30: 566–569.

Hayes, T.B., Anderson, L.L., Beasley, V.R., de Solla, S.R., Iguchi, T., Ingraham, H., Kestemont, P., Kniewald, J., Kniewald, Z., Langlois, V.S. (2011): Demasculinization and feminization of male gonads by atrazine: Consistent effects across vertebrate classes. The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 127: 64-73.

Herazo, F., Mercado, J.D., Mendoza, H. (2017): Es- tructura y composición florística del bosque seco tropical en los Montes de María (Sucre-Colombia). Ciencia en Desarrollo 8: 71–82.

Hoffman, M., Hilton-Taylor, C., Angulo, A., Böhm, M., Brooks, T.M., Butchart, S.H.M., Carpenter, K.E, Chanson, J., Collen, B., Cox, N.A. et al. (2010): The impact of conservation on the status of the world’s vertebrates. Science 330: 1503–1509.

Hoogmoed, M.S., Avila-Pires, T.C.S. (2015): Lepi- dodactylus lugubris (Duméril & Bibron 1836) (Reptilia: Gekkonidae), an introduced lizard new for Brazil, with remarks on and correction of its distribution in the New World. Zootaxa 4000: 90–110.

Ihlow, F., Dambach, J., Engler, J.O., Flecks, M., Hartmann, T., Nekum, S., Hossein, R., Rodder, D. (2012): On the brink of extinction? How climate change may affect global chelonian species richness and distribution. Global Change Biology 18: 1520–1530.

Institucional (1996): Política Nacional de Biodiversidad. Proyecto Biopacifico. Ministerio de Medio Ambiente, Instituto Alexander von Humboldt, Departamento Nacional de Planeación. Instituto de Investigación de Re- cursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt. Bogotá.

IUCN (2018): The IUCN Red list of threatened species. Versión 2016.3. http://support.iucnredlist.org/about. (Consultado en marzo 2018).

Linares, R.J., Fandiño, M.C. (2009): Estado del bosque seco tropical e importancia relativa de su flora leñosa, islas de la Vieja Providencia y Santa Catalina, Colombia, Caribe suroccidental. Revista Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales 33: 5–15.

Lips, K.R. (1999): Mass mortality and population declines of anurans at an upland site in Western Panama. Conservation Biology 13: 117–125.

Longcore, J.E., Pessier, A.P., Nichols, D.K. (1999): Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis gen. et sp. nov., a chytrid pathogenic to amphibians. Mycologia 91: 219-227.

MADS (2006): Directrices generales para la conservación ex situ de fauna silvestre en parques zoológicos y acuarios de Colombia. Dirección de Ecosistemas, Bogotá.

Martel, A., der Sluijs, A.S.V., Blooi, M., Bert, W., Du- catelle, R., Fisher, M.C., Woeltjes, A., Bos- man, W., Chiers, K., Bossuyt, F., Pasmans, F. (2013): Batrachochytrium salamandrivo- rans sp. nov. causes lethal chytridiomycosis in amphibians. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 110: 15325-15329.

Martel, A., Blooi, M., Adriaensen, C., Van Rooij, P., Beukema, W., Fisher, M.C., Farrer, R.A., Schmidt, B.R., Tobler, U., Goka, K., Lips, K.R., Muletz, C., Zamudio, K.R., Bosch, J., Lötters, S., Wombwell, E., Garner, T.W.J., Cunningham, A.A., der Sluijs, A.S.V., Sal- vidio, S., Ducatelle, R., Nishikawa, K., Nguyen, T.T., Kolby, J.E., Van Bocxlaer, I., Bossuyt, F., Pasmans, F. (2014): Recent introduction of a chytrid fungus endangers western palearctic salamanders. Science 346: 630–631.

Mazzoni, R., de Mesquita, A.J., Fleury, L.F.F., de Brito, :.M.E.D., Nunes, I.A., Robert, J., Morales, H., Coelho, A.S.G., Barthasson, D.L., Galli, L., Catroxo, M.H.B. (2009): Mass mortality associated with a frog virus 3-like Ranavirus infection in farmed tadpoles Rana catesbeiana Irom Brazil. Diseases oI Aquatic Organisms 86: 181–191.

McCoy, ..A., BortnicN, L.J., Campbell, C.M., Hamlin, H.J., Guillette Jr, L.J., Mary, C.M.S. (2008): Agriculture alters gonadal form and function in the toad Bufo marinus. Environmental Health Perspectives 116: 1526-1532.

MINAMBIENTE (2016): Política para la Gestión Sostenible del Suelo. Grupo de Divulga- ción de Conocimiento y Cultura Ambien- tal – Centro de documentación, Bogotá, Colombia. http://.minambiente.gob.co/images/suntosambientalesyvectorialyúrbana.pdf/suelo/política/para/la/gestión/sostenible/delsuelo/FINAL.pdf.

MINMINAS (2017): Normatividad General para el Control a la Explotación Ilícita de Minerales. https://minminas.gob.co/documents/cartillla/norma/ctrlBe[plotacionBilicita.pdf

Molina, C., Camacho, C., Hernández, J.V. (2013): Captive breeding of the frog 0annopKryne Kerminae (Anura: Aromobatidae) and re- leases to the wild in Venezuela. FrogLog 21: 53-54.

Molina, C., Señaris, J.C., Lampo, M., Rial, A. (Eds). (2009): Anfibios de Venezuela. Estado del Conocimiento y Recomendaciones para su Conservación. Conservación Internacional Venezuela, Instituto de Zoología y Ecología Tropical UCV, Fundación La Salle de Ciencias Naturales, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Gold Reserve Inc. Caracas.

Morales-Betancourt, M.A., Lasso, C.A., Páez, V.P., BocN, B.C. (2015): Libro Rojo de Reptiles de Colombia. Universidad de Antioquia e Insti- tuto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, Bogotá.

Nori, J., Urbina-Cardona, J.N., Loyola, R.D., Les- cano, J.N., Leynaud, G.C. (2011): Climate change and American bullfrog invasion: What could we expect in South America? PLoS ONE 6: e25718.

Noriega, J.A., Barranco, Hernández, J., Hernández, E., Castillo, S., Monroy, D., García, H. (2016): Estructura estacional del ensamblaje de escarabajos coprófagos (Coleoptera: Scarabaeinae) en una parcela permanente de bosque seco tropical. Revista Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales 40: 75-83.

NowaNowsNi, A.J., Watling, J.I., Whitfield, S.M., Todd, B.D., Kurz, D.J., Donnelly, M.A. (2016): Tropical amphibians in shiIting thermal landscapes under land-use and climate change. Conservation Biology 31: 96–105.

Páez, V.P. (2012): Historias de vida en Tortugas. Págs. 189-203. En Páez, V. P., Mora- les-Betancourt, M. A., Lasso, C.A., Castaño-Mora, O.V., BocN, B.C. (Eds). Biología y Conservación de las Tortugas Continentales de Colombia. Serie Editorial Recursos Hidrobiológicos y Pesqueros Continentales de Colombia. Instituto de Investigación de los Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, Bogotá.

Pizano, C., García, H. (2014): El Bosque Seco Tropical en Colombia. Instituto de Investiga- ción de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, Bogotá.

Pounds, J.A., Bustamante, M.R., Coloma, L.A., Con- suegra, J.A., Fogden, M.P.L., Foster, P.N., La Marca, E., Masters, K.L., Merino-Viteri, A., Puschendorf, R., Ron, S.R., Sánchez-Azofeifa, G.A., Still, C.J., Young, B.E. (2006): Widespread amphibian extinctions from epidemic disease driven by global warming. Nature 439: 161–167.

Relyea, R.A. (2011): Amphibians are not ready for Roundup®. Págs. 267-300. En: Elliott, J., Bishop, C., Morrissey, C. (Eds).,Wildlife Ecotoxicology: Forensic Approaches. Emerging Topics in Ecotoxicology 3. Springer, New York.

Rosenblum, E.B., Poorten, T.J., Settles, M., Murdoch, G.K. (2012): Only skin deep: Shared genetic response to the deadly chytrid fungus in susceptible frog species. Molecular Ecology 21: 3110–3120.

Rueda-Almonacid, J.V. (1999): Situación actual y problemática generada por la introducción de “Rana toro” a Colombia. Revista Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales 23: 367-393.

Rueda-Almonacid, J.V., Lynch, J.D., Amézquita, A. (Eds.) (2004): Libro Rojo de Anfibios de Colombia. Serie Libros Rojos de Especies Amenazadas de Colombia. Conservación Internacional Colombia, Instituto de Ciencias Naturales – Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Ministerio del Medio Ambiente, Bogotá.

Rueda-Almonacid, J.V., Carr, J.L., Mittermeier, R.A., Rodríguez-Mahecha, J.V., Mast, R.B., Vogt, R.C., Rhodin, A.G.J., de la Ossa-Velásquez, J., Rueda, J.N., Mittermeier, C.G. (2007): Las Tortugas y los Cocodrilianos de los Países Andinos del Trópico. Serie de guías tropicales de campo 6. Conservación Inter- nacional y Editorial Panamericana, Bogotá.

Rueda-Solano, L.A., Castellanos-Barliza, J. (2010): Herpetofauna de Neguanje, Parque Nacional Natural Tayrona, Caribe colombiano. Acta Biológica Colombiana 15: 195-206.

Rueda-Solano, L.A., Flechas, S.V., Galvis-Aparicio, M., Rocha-Usuga, A.A., Rincón-Barón, E.J., Cuadrado-Peña, B., Franke-Ante, R. (2016): Epidemiological surveillance and amphibian assemblage status at the Estación Experimental de San Lorenzo, Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia. Amphibia & Reptile Conservation 10: 7–19.

RUNAP. (2018): Registro Único de Áreas Protegidas de Colombia. http://runap.parquesnaciona-les.gov.co/organizacion/40 [Revisado Octubre 2018].

Sánchez-Azofeifa, G.A., Quesada, M., Rodríguez, J.P., Nassar, J.M., Stoner, K.E., Castillo, A., Garvin, T., Zent, E.L, Calvo-Alvarado, J.C., Kalacska, M.E.R., Fajardo, L., Gamon, J.A., Cuevas-Reyes, P. (2005): Research priori- ties for Neotropical dry forests. Biotropica 37: 477–485.

Schloegel, L.M., Picco, A.M., Kilpatrick, A.M., Davies, A.J., Hyatt, A.D., Daszak, P. (2009): Magnitude of the US trade in amphibians and presence of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and ranavirus infection in imported North American bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana). Biological Conservation 142: 1420–1426.

Seigel, R.A., Dodd, C.K. (2002): Translocations of amphibians: Proven management method or experimental technique? Conservation Biology 16: 552-554.

Stuart, S.N., Chanson, J.S., Cox, N.A., Young, B.E., Rodrigues, A.S.L., Fischman, D.L., Waller, R.W. (2004): Status and trends of amphibian declines and extinctions worldwide. Science 306: 1783–1786.

Thurman, L.L., Garcia, T.S. (2017): Differential plasticity in response to simulated climate warming in a high-elevation amphibian assemblage. Journal of Herpetology 51: 232-239.

Urbina-Cardona, J.N., Nori, J., Castro, F. (2011): Áreas vulnerables a la invasión actual y futura de la rana toro (Lithobates catesbeianus: Ranidae) en Colombia: Estrategias propuestas para su manejo y control. Biota Colombiana 12: 23-34.

Urbina-Cardona, J.N., Navas, C.A., González, I., Gómez-Martínez, M.J., Llano-Mejía, J., Medina-Rangel, G.F., Blanco-Torres, A. (2014): Determinantes de la distribución de los anfibios en el bosque seco tropical de Colombia: herramientas para su conservación. Págs. 166-193. En: Pizano, C., García H. (Eds). El Bosque Seco Tropical de Colombia. Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, Bogotá.

Waza (2005): Building a Future for Wildlife-The World Zoo and Aquarium Conservation Strategy. World Association of Zoos and Aquariums. Bern, Switzerland.

Zippel, K., Buley, K., Gibson, R., Gillespie, G.R., Johnson, R., Lacy, R.C., Marantelli, G., Mendelson, J.R. (2008): On the role of ex situ management in the conservation of amphibians. Págs. 128–129. En: Stuart, S.N., Hoffman, M., Chanson, J.S., Cox, N.A., Berridge, R.J., Ramani, P., and Young, B.E. (Eds). Threatened Amphibians of the World. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona.

Zippel, K., Johnson, K., Gagliardo, R., Gibson, R., Mcfadden, M., Browne, R., Martinez, C., Townsend, E. (2011): The amphibian ark: A global community for ex situ conservation of amphibians. Herpetology Conservation and Biology 6: 340–352.

Acuña, I.T., Gallego, L.E. (1997): Proyectos Ambientales Escolares: Estrategia para la Formación Ambiental. Magisterio de Colombia, Bogotá.

Carrasco, M. (1996): La dimención ambiental: Un reto para la educación de la nueva sociedad. Ministerio de Educación Nacional. Bogota:17-20.

DANE (2010): La Visibilización Estadística de los Grupos Étnicos Colombianos. Departamento Adiministrativo Nacional de Estadística. Imprenta Nacional, Bogotá.

Dueñas, F.V. (2004): Análisis de una experiencia pedagógica de sensibilización y divulgación de la Biodiversidad Colombiana. Tesis de Pregrado Programa de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia.

Dueñas, D.S., Dueñas, F.V. (2017): Ciclo de Vida de Boa constrictor en condiciones controladas. Reproducción, Nacimiento y Desarrollo. Editorial Academia Española, España.

Echagüe, G., Torrego, A., Seoane, M. (2009): Informe CONAMA 9, el reto es actuar. IX Congreso nacional del medio ambiente. Cumbre del desarrollo sostenible, Madrid.

Eschenhagen, M.L. (2009): La Educación Ambiental Superior en América Latina: Retos Epistemológicos y Curriculares. Bogotá: ECODE, U.D.C.A, Red Colombiana de Formación Ambiental. Ediciones Ltda., Digiprint Editores E.U.

Huberman, M. (1994): Metodología Cualitativa y Técnicas de Recogida y Análisis de InIormación. Ediciones Aljibes, España.

Jiménez, B.F., Aragonés, J.I. (1991): Introducción a la Psicología Ambiental. 3a. edición. Alianza Editorial.

Katz, R. (2004): Crecer Jugando. PAD (Programa de apoyo a docente): 4uito, Ecuador: Santillana.

Martínez, E. (2002): Interpelación Ambiental: una herramienta para la educación. Padres y Maestros/Journal of Parents and Teachers 268: 10-13.

Navarro, V.B. (1983): La historia de las ciencias y la enseñanza. Enseñanza de las Ciencias 1: 50-54.

Novo, M. (1995): La Educación Ambiental: Basesticas, Conceptuales y Metodológicas. Madrid Universitaria S.A., España.

ONU. (2015): Informe de la UNESCO sobre la ciencia: hacia 2030 hechos y cifras. Unesco Science Report.

Padilla-Moreno, L. (2010): Inclusión de la dimensión ambiental en los currículos escolares y su relación con la construcción y desarrollo de los PRAES. Tesis de Pregrado Programa de Biología, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia.

Padilla-Moreno, L. (2014): Por qué somos privilegiados? Estrategias de Divulgación de la Diversidad Colombiana. Bioikos. 2 tha edición. Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia.

Padilla-Moreno, L., Castillo-Velandia, D. (2012): Consolidación de estrategias pedagógicas de sensibilización en un taller de educación ambiental articulado al programa “Colombia y sus recursosy del Museo de Ciencias de la Universidad El Bosque. Tesis de Especialización en Docencia Universitaria, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia.

Ramírez, J.M. (2002): La expresión oral. Contextos educativos 5: 57– 72.

Sauvé, L. (2004): Una cartografía de corrientes en educación ambiental. Cátedra de Investigación de Canadá en Educación Ambiental. En: Sato, M., Carvalho, I. (Eds). La investigación en Educación Ambiental. Université du Québec à Montréal.

Soacha-Godoy, K., Gómez, N. (2016): Reconocer, conectar y actuar: porque la ciencia la hacemos todos. Memorias del primer encuentro de ciencia participativa sobre biodiversidad. Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, Bogotá.

Tarín, L. (1982): NTP 16: Modelo para el diseño y preparación de una clase. Ministerio de trabajo y asuntos sociales de España: Consultado el 11 de marzo de 2018 http://www.insht.es/InshtWeb/Contenidos/Documentacion/FichasTecnicas/NTP/Ficheros/001a100/ntp_016.pdf

Wallon, H., Palacios, J.G. (1987): Psicología y Educación del Niño. Una Comprensión Dialéctica del Desarrollo y la Educación Infantil. Visor Libros, Madrid, España.

Álvarez, M., Escobar, F., Gast, F., Mendoza, H., Re- pizzo, A., Villareal, H. (1997): Bosque Seco Tropical. Págs. 56-72. En: Chaves M.E., Arango N. (Eds). 1998. Informe Nacional sobre el estado de la Biodiversidad en Colombia. Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, PNUMA, Ministerio del Medio Ambiente, Bogotá.

Aronson, J., Blignaut, J.N., Milton, S.J., Clewell, A.F., (2006): Natural capital: the limiting factor. Ecological Engineering 28: 1–5.

Aronson, J., Renison, D., Rangel-Ch, J.O., Levy-Tacher, S., Ovalle, C., Del Pozo, A. (2007): Restauración del Capital Natural: sin re- servas no hay bienes ni servicios. Ecosistemas 16: 15-24.

Bailey, M.A., Holmes, J.N., Buhlmann, K.A., Mitchell, J.C. (2006): Habitat Management Guidelines for Amphibians and Reptiles of the Southeastern United States. Partners in Amphibian and Reptile Conservation Technical Publication HMG-2, Montgomery, Alabama.

Baker, J., Beebee, T., Buckley, J., Gent, T., Orchard, D. (2011): Amphibian Habitat Management Handbook. Amphibian and Reptile Conservation. Bournemouth, UK.

Berdugo-Lattke, M.L., Rangel-Ch, J.O. (2015): Composición porística del bosque tropical seco del santuario “Los Besotes” y fenología de especies arbóreas dominantes (Valledupar, Cesar, Colombia). Colombia Forestal 18: 87-103.

Bond, N.R., Lake, P.S. (2003): Local habitat resto- ration in streams: Constraints on the effectiveness of restoration for stream biota. Ecological Management & Restoration 4: 193-198.

Bonilla, R., Roncallo, B., Jimeno, J., García, T. (2008): Producción y descomposición de la hojarasca en bosques nativos y de Leucaena sp., en Codazzi, Cesar. Corpoica Ciencia y Tecnología Agropecuaria 9: 5-11.

Brancalion, P.H., Cardozo, I.V., Camatta, A., Aron- son, J., Rodrigues, R.R. (2014): Cultural ecosystem services and popular perceptions of the benefits of an ecological restoration project in the Brazilian Atlantic forest. Restoration Ecology 22: 65-71.

Calderón, E., Galeano, G., Néstor, G. (2005): Libro Rojo de Plantas de Colombia. Palmas, Frailejones y Zamias. Instituto Alexander von Humboldt, Instituto Ciencias Naturales de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Ministerio de Ambiente, Vivienda y Desarrollo Territorial, Bogotá.

Carvajal-Cogollo, J.E., Urbina-Cardona, J.N. (2008): Patrones de diversidad y composición de reptiles en fragmentos de bosque seco tropical en Córdoba, Colombia. Tropical Conservation Science 1: 397-416.

Clewell, A., Rieger, J., Munro, J. (2000): Guidelines for Developing and Managing Ecological Restoration Projects. Society for Ecological Restoration International. Tucson, Arizona.

Clewell, A.F., Aronson, J. (2006): Motivations for the restoration of ecosystems. Conservation Biology 20: 420-428.

Clewell, A.F., Aronson, J. (2013): Ecological Resto- ration: Principles. Values, and Structure of an Emerging. Island Press, Washington, DC.

Corbin, J.D., Holl, K.D. (2012): Applied nucleation as a forest restoration strategy. Forest Ecology and Management 265: 37-46.

Díaz, S., Lavorel, S., Chapin III. F.S., Tecco, P.A., Gurvich, D.E., Grigulis, K. (2007): Functional diversity— at the crossroads between ecosystem functioning and environmental filters. Págs. 81-91. En: Canadell, J.G., Pataki, D., Pitelka, L. (Eds). Terrestrial Ecosystems in a Changing World. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.

Fals-Borda, O. (1980): La ciencia y el pueblo: nue- vas reflexiones sobre la investigación-acción. Págs. 149-174. En: Vio Grossi, F., Gianotten, V., Wit, T.D. (Eds). Investigación Participativa y Praxis Rural: Nuevos Conceptos en Educación y Desarrollo Comunal. Mosca Azul Ediciones, Lima.

Forero-Medina, G., Joppa, L., Pimm, S.L. (2010): Constraints to species’ elevational range shifts as climate changes. Conservation Biology 25: 163-171.

Forero-Medina, G., Cárdenas-Arévalo, G., Castaño-Mora, O.V. (2011): Abundance, home range, and movement patterns of the endemic species Dahl’s toad-headed Turtle (Mesoclemmys dahli) in Cesar, Colombia. Chelonian Conservation and Biology 10: 228–236.

Forero-Medina, G., Cardenas-Arévalo, G., Castaño-Mora, O. V. (2012): Habitat modeling of Dahl’s toad-headed turtle (Mesoclemmys dahli) in Colombia. Herpetological Conservation and Biology 7: 313-322.

Forero-Medina, G., Yusti-Muñoz, A.P., Castaño-Mora, O.V. (2014): Distribución geográfica de las tortugas continentales de Colombia y su representación en áreas protegidas. Acta Biológica Colombiana 19: 415-426.

Forero-Medina, G., Castaño-Mora, O.V., Cárdenas-Arévalo, G., Medina-Rangel, G.F. (2013): Mesoclemmys dahli (Zangerl & Medem 1958). Dahl’s toad-headed turtle, Carranchina, Tortuga Montañera. En: Rhodin, A.G.J., Iverson, J.B., van Dijk, P.P., Stanford, C.B., Goode, E.V., Buhlmann, K.A., Pritchard, P.C.H., Mittermeier, R.A. (Eds). Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises: A Compilation Project of the IUCN/SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group. Chelonian Research Mono- graphs 5: 069.1–069.8.

Gascon, C., Lovejoy, T.E., Bierregaard, R.O., Mal- colm, J.R., Stouffer, P.C., Vasconcelos, H.L., Laurance, W.F., Zimmerman, B., Tocher, M., Borges, S. (1999): Matrix habitat and species richness in tropical forest remnants. Biological Conservation 91: 223–229.

Janzen, D. (1988): Tropical Dry Forest: The most threatened major tropical ecosystem. Págs. 130-137. En: Wilson, E.O., Peters, F.M. (Eds). Biodiversity. National Academy Press, Washington.

Lozano-Zambrano, F.H. (2009): Herramientas de manejo para la conservación de biodiversidad en paisajes rurales. Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt y Corporación Autónoma Regional de Cundinamarca (CAR), Bogotá.

MADS (2015): Política nacional para la gestión integral de la biodiversidad y sus servicios eco sistémicos. Ministerio del Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible, República de Colombia.

McDonald, T., Gann, G. D., Jonson, J., Dixon, K.W. (2016): International standards for the practice of ecological restoration–including principles and key concepts. Society for Ecological Restoration, Washington.

Medem, F. (1966): Contribuciones al conocimiento sobre la ecología y distribución geográfica de Phrynops (Batrachemys) dahli; (Testudinata, Pleurodira, Chelidae). Caldasia 9: 467-489. Mendoza-C, H. (1999): Estructura y riqueza florística del bosque seco tropical en la región Caribe y el valle del río Magdalena, Colombia. Caldasia 21: 70-94.

Miles, L., Newton, A.C., DeFries, R. S., Ravilious, C., May, I., Blyth, S., Kapos, V., Gordon, J. E. (2006): A global overview of the conservation status of tropical dry forests. Journal of Biogeography 33: 491-505.

Miller, J. R., Hobbs, R. J. (2007): Habitat restoration - Do we know what we’re doing? Restoration Ecology 15: 382-390.

Morales-Betancourt, M.A., Lasso, C.A., Páez, V.P., Bock, B.C. (2015): Libro rojo de reptiles de Colombia. Universidad de Antioquia e Insti- tuto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, Bogotá.

Morrison, M.L. (2009): Restoring Wildlife: Ecological Concepts and Practical Applications. 2th edition. Island Press, Washington.

Morrison, M.L. (2013): Wildlife Restoration: Techni- ques for Habitat Analysis and Animal Monitoring. Island Press, Washington.

Morrison, M.L., Marcot, B.G., Mannan, R.W. (2006): Wildlife-Habitat Relationships: Concepts and Applications. 3th edition. Island Press, Washington.

Murcia, C., Guariguata, M.R. (2014): La Restauración Ecológica en Colombia: Tendencias, Necesidades y Oportunidades. Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Ocassional paper 107. Bogor, Indonesia.

Olascuaga-Vargas, D., Mercado-Gómez, J., Sánchez-Montaño, L.R. (2016): Análisis de la vegetación sucesional en un fragmento de bosque seco tropical en Toluviejo-Sucre (Colombia). Colombia Forestal 19: 23-40.

Pinelo, G.I. (2004): Manual de inventario forestal integrado para unidades de manejo. Reserva de la Biósfera Maya, Petén Guatemala. WWF-PROARCA. Serie Técnica.

Pizano, C., García, H. (2014): El Bosque Seco Tropical en Colombia. Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, Bogotá.

Rueda-Almonacid, J.V., Carr, J.L., Mittermeier, R.A., Rodríguez-Mahecha, J.V., Mast, R.B., Vogt, R.C., Rhodin, A.G.J., de la Ossa-Velázquez, J., Rueda, J.N., Mittermeier, C.G. (2007): Las tortugas y los cocodrilianos de los países andinos del trópico. Conservación Internacional. Serie de Guías Tropicales de Campo.

Sadoff, C., Muller, M. (2010): La gestión del agua, la seguridad hídrica y la adaptación al cambio climático: efectos anticipados y respuestas esenciales. Global Water Partnership, The Background Papers.

SER (2004): The SER International Primer on Ecological Restoration. www.ser.org y Tucson: Society for Ecological Restoration International.

Tambosi, L.R., Martensen, A.C., Ribeiro, M.C., Met- zger, J.P. (2014): A framework to optimize biodiversity restoration efforts based on habitat amount and landscape connectivity. Restoration Ecology 22: 169-177.

TFTSG (1996): Mesoclemmys dahli. Tortoise & Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: e. T17080A97269302.

Vargas, W. (2015): Una breve descripción de la vegetación, con especial énfasis en las pioneras intermedias de los bosques secos de La Ja- gua, en la cuenca alta del río Magdalena en el Huila. Colombia Forestal 18: 47-70.